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Presentation on the topic “Criminalistics. Computer forensics - Vitaly Balashov Presentation on the topic of mysterious forensics for children

Lecture on the topic
THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
SCIENCE
CRIMINALISTICS

LECTURE PLAN

1. Consolidation of forensic
knowledge.
2. Forensic science between
world wars
3. Formation of private
forensic theories in
criminalistics
4. Formation of a general theory of science
criminalistics

Literature

Criminalistics. Lecture course. In 2 parts. / SPbU MIA
Russia; comp. E.V. Kuzbagarova and others - St. Petersburg: 2015 Part 1:
introduction to criminalistics, forensic technology.
2015 . 340 p.
Criminalistics. Lecture course. In 2 parts. / SPbU MIA
Russia; under total ed. and others - St. Petersburg: 2016 Part 2:
forensic technique. 2016. 276 p.
Criminalistics: textbook / ed. Chelysheva O.V. -
St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. - St. Petersburg: R-KOPI LLC, 2017 - 580
With.
Criminalistics. Dictionary of terms and definitions / comp.
Bachieva A.V., Vinogradova A.N. - St. Petersburg: 2015 . - 39 p.

Question 1

Consolidation
forensic
knowledge

Alphonse Bertillon - from 1879 to 1883 developed and put into practice the method of anthropometric identification

Formed the foundations
fingerprint registration
William Herschel
Francis Galton

Evgeny Fedorovich Burinsky in 1889 created the world's first forensic photographic laboratory at the St.

Evgeny Fedorovich
Burinsky in 1889
created the world's first
forensic photographic
laboratory at
Petersburg
district court

Hans Gross "Guide for forensic investigators as a system of forensic science" 1892 They first gave the name of the discipline -

Hans Gross "Guide to
forensic investigators
forensic system"
1892
They were first named
disciplines "criminology"

Question 2.
Criminalistics
between
world
wars

REPORT to the abstract

"Chemistry in criminalistics"

Choosing the topic of work, I was guided by its relevance, because crime was always and everywhere.

Criminalistics- legal science about the methods of investigating crimes, collecting and examining forensic evidence.

Progress has attracted new methods of proving a crime to forensic science. I think that an important place in them belongs to chemistry.

Objective – find out the place of chemistry in the criminal investigation system.

CRIMINALISTICS IN ANCIENT

Criminalistics began with simple chemical methods of investigation. For example, gold as a monetary unit has been used for a long time. Coins made of alloys of gold, silver and copper "went" in circulation. By choosing a combination of metals, fraudsters reduced their gold content. I had to unmask them.

And instead of copper sulphate, the seller could sell more affordable iron sulphate. This deception was exposed by the juice of tanning nuts. A piece of papyrus moistened with it in a solution of iron sulfate turned black.

CHEMISTRY AS THE BASIS OF CRIMINALISTICS

FROM Using chemical methods, they learned to solve crimes committed thousands of years ago.

Yes, opencauses of early death of the inhabitants of Ancient Rome. The Romans widely used lead: they covered the roofs of buildings, made utensils, water pipes from it. A lot of lead was found in the tissues of the remains of the Romans, which killed them.

Another example. Peat extraction workers found a murdered man, the body was well preserved, and the study showed that the murder was committed ... during the Ice Age! Modern methods it was established that this man was buried in flowers with medicinal properties, had many injuries during his lifetime, he was 40 years old. Perhaps it looked like this.

Today, chemical methods are needed in many areas of forensic science. I will list some:

personal identification by DNA analysis;

determination of poisonous, explosive substances, drugs;

GENERAL REVIEW OF CHEMICAL METHODS,

USED ​​IN CRIMINALISTICS

For one speck of dust, a piece of paint or thread, the forensic specialist proves the guilt of the criminal. His main weapon is observation, knowledge of psychology, logical analysis, similar to the "deductive method" of Sherlock Holmes. Today, no investigation is complete without scientific and technical expertise.

Consider the chemical methods used in forensics. They are divided into:

    analytical,

neutron activation,

chromatographic.

ANALYTICAL METHOD OF RESEARCH

The analytical method determines which components a substance consists of. For example, acids react differently with metals. So, nitric acid easily dissolves copper and silver, but does not react with gold, and "aqua regia" can also dissolve gold. According to the quantitative analysis, you can find the ratio of the components in the gold alloy.

Since ancient times, dishonest traders have mixed flour into sour cream to increase their profits. To combat them, controllers with iodine solution went. When it was added to the product spoiled by flour, a blue color appeared.

Arsenic was a popular poison in the 19th century. The symptoms of poisoning reminded them of a disease, but they did not know how to determine it in the body. The English chemist Marsh invented a device in which arsenic is reduced to arsine. Arsine gas passed through a glass tube. At the exit there was a plate on which arsenic was deposited in the form of a shiny mirror. So they began to detect the smallest doses of arsenic.

In 1893 The book "Guide for Investigators as a System of Forensic Science" was published. In it, Hans Gross summarized the methods of analysis for many substances. But this required large amounts (about 1 g) of the substance, and besides, they had to be transferred into solution. And often you need to analyze objects without destroying them.

In the 20th century, physical instruments appeared in chemical laboratories, which made it possible to analyze small amounts of substances.

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

With the introduction of electronic technology in chemistry, new way- neutron activation analysis. The principle is simple. The nuclei of a stable element are irradiated with neutrons from a nuclear reactor. At the same time, they turn into the nuclei of a radioactive element and begin to emit radiation with a characteristic energy. By registering this radiation, one can determine which element it belongs to.

Such analysis helped in the study of the assassination of President Kennedy. This method was used to study a sample of Napoleon Bonaparte's hair. The results were a sensation: the arsenic content was 10 times higher than normal. This means that Napoleon was poisoned, although the cause of death was considered stomach cancer.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY METHOD

AT often used in forensicschromatography. Method associated with the name of the Russian scientist Tsvet. He showed that when a mixture of plant pigments is passed through a layer of a sorbent, individual substances are arranged in the form of separate colored zones. The resulting layer-by-layer colored column of the sorbent Color called the chromatogram, and the method - chromatography.

Now chemists can separate the mixture into components before analyzing it and make fantastic discoveries. Chromatography, for example, helped to study the diet of the ancestors, and also to expose one attacker who was engaged in setting fire to haystacks. He acted like this. At first, he announced the fire, then set fire to the hay. I chose a secluded place and watched the events from there. Once again, the police, combing the area after the fire, noticed the crushed grass. Soon a man was detained whose clothes were covered with green spots. Chromatography showed that the traces of grass from the clothes and the remains of grass from that place are identical. The evidence is there.

I picked up many examples of the use of chemical methods in forensic science.

Finding and saving fingerprints

Fingerprinting is a method of identifying criminals based on the identification of a person by fingerprints. Thanks to himmillions of "hopeless" crimes have been solved.

Preserved prints of ancient people on the walls of the caves. The science of finger patterns was founded by the English scientist F. Dalton. Each pattern on the finger is individual, made up of a combination of three elements - loops, arcs and curls. The drawing is formed before the birth of a person and does not change, but when damaged, it is restored again.

Even clean hands leave marks. After all, there are pores in the skin through which various compounds are released and remain on the surface for a long time: these are table salt, potassium and ammonium compounds. There are organic substances - amino acids, glucose, lactic acid, etc.

Imprints are visible, indented and hidden. Visible ones are not difficult to detect; magnifiers and cameras are used for this. Embossed prints become visible under special lighting. Harder to find invisible traces.

Most often, a colored powder (soot, graphite, lead compounds, etc.) is applied to the surface. Traces become contrasting, they are transferred to a special film. There is also a chemical method, for example, with iodine vapor. Physical evidence is placed in a special chamber where iodine is added. When heated, the prints appear, they are photographed and that's it. You can treat the surface with a solution of silver nitrate. It will give a precipitate of silver chloride, which darkens when illuminated.

When examining the scene of an accident, traces of blood are often searched.

They can be recognized by their characteristic gleam when illuminated. With an ultraviolet illuminator, blood stains take on a dark brown velvety color. Invisible traces of blood can be detected with a solution of luminol, which gives a bluish luminescence.

Since the end of the 20th century, the method of analyzing the composition of DNA has entered the practice of forensic science. Deoxyribonucleic acids are present in the cells of any organism. Molecules have a double helix structure, contain nucleotides, the sequence of which is strictly individual and is a code form for recording biological information. Everyone has their own DNA structure. The analysis is long and expensive, but the most reliable, it is taken from blood, hair or other organs.

M Many countries have begun compiling genetic databases. In Russia, they plan to start taking DNA samples from newborns in order to gradually compile a database of all the inhabitants of the country.

DNA analysis has already helped solve many of the mysteries of history.

In the early 1990s, 5 skeletons were found in an abandoned mine near Yekaterinburg. Historians have suggested that these are the remains of the Romanovs, who were shot in 1918. Experts of forensic genetic studies have proved with an accuracy of 99.99% that the remains really belong to the royal family.

Mystery of the old sofa

On a sofa that had stood in the Hermitage for many years, scientists found the remains of blood, compared with a blood test on A. S. Pushkin's vest. Genetic examination proved that the sofa belonged to Pushkin. The poet wrote some works on it, and a wounded genius was laid on it after a duel. They also made an examination of Pushkin's curls.

Determination of blood alcohol content is a frequent study in forensic medicine. The alcohol content is expressed in ppm (thousandths of a volume). So, the expression "alcohol concentration 1.5 ‰" means that 1.5 ml of ethanol is in 1 liter of blood.

Quantitatively, ethanol is determined by a method based on the oxidation of alcohol with potassium bichromate. This reaction is affected by breathalyzers, which are used by police to monitor the condition of drivers. After all, it is known that over 20% of traffic accidents are associated with alcohol abuse.

PRACTICAL PART

In the practical part, I conducted a series of experiments close to those conducted by forensic experts.

1. Iodine-starch reaction proves the admixture of flour in sour cream or honey from negligent merchants.

2. Sympathetic ink, which is not visible under normal conditions, but appears with a certain impact, is used in secret correspondence. The inscription with a solution of sulfuric acid appeared when heated, and solutions of iron salts changed color when they were exposed to complex salts.

3. "Sobriety detector" I imitated by the reaction of acidified potassium dichromate with alcohol. A change from orange to green indicates the presence of alcohol in the solution.

4. How to distinguish blood from ketchup (or paint)? This is easy to do with hydrogen peroxide. If it is blood, frothing occurs.

5. A frequent and dangerous way of poisoning is the ingestion of methanol into the body along with ethanol from technical alcohol. I distinguished these two alcohols by the different effect of potassium permanganate on them.

6. Fingerprint identification. I saw my prints on the wall of the glass by powdering them with copper oxide powder. Invisible prints on paper had to be developed with iodine vapor.

7. Fundamentals of chromatography.

For the experiment, I prepared an extract of chlorophyll. Observed chromatography on paper and a layer of starch sorbent deposited on glass. The formation of rings and stripes indicates that the chlorophyll extract is a mixture of several substances.

CONCLUSION

My work proves that chemistry and forensics, relying on each other, help to fight crime. It is difficult to find an area where the results obtained by expert chemists would not be required. Their analyzes must be reliable, because the result sometimes determines the fate of an enterprise or an individual.

Yes, the possibilities of modern chemistry are enormous. M.V. Lomonosov also said: “Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs...” I would like to add: “Chemistry also faithfully serves people on guard of the law.”

View presentation content
"Chemistry in criminalistics"

Stolyarov Alexander

Grade 11


Criminalistics - legal science about methods of investigating crimes, collecting and examining forensic evidence.

Objective - find out the place of science

chemistry in the investigation system

crime.


FROM USO 4

FeSO 4



Murder

committed in

ice Age…

Peat mining


  • search and storage of fingerprints;
  • identification of a person by analysis of the composition of DNA;
  • search and determination of the composition of toxic substances;
  • obtaining casts of shoe prints;
  • analysis of the composition of ink, paper and means for compiling documents;
  • analysis of all kinds of pollution;
  • combustion and arson analysis;
  • analysis of polymers, paper, fibers;
  • testing athletes for doping;
  • examination of ornamental and precious stones;
  • issues of toxicology, pharmacology, etc.



First applications of analysis

What is the proportion of impurities in the gold alloy?

Cu+4HNO 3 = Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O

Ag + 2HNO 3 = AgNO 3 + NO 2 + H 2 O

Au + 4HCl + HNO 3 = HAuCl 4 + NO + 2H 2 O

Is there flour in sour cream?

Starch + I 2 = blue color


Poison Recognition

James Marsh

2H 2 AsO 4 + Zn + 9H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + 8H 2 O+2AsH 3

2 AsH 3 → 2 As + 3 H 2

ARSENIC


A new stage in the development of evidence analysis

Hans Gross (1847 – 1914)–

founder of criminology.

"A Guide for Investigators

as a forensic system"

From the 30s XX in. in

analytical chemistry

being introduced

instrumental

analysis methods.


The nuclei of the stable element,

interacting with neutrons

turn into nuclei

radioactive element

and start emitting

radiation with a characteristic

energy.

By registering this radiation,

it is possible to establish which

radioactive element

it belongs.


method of separation and analysis of mixtures,

based on the distribution of their components

between two phases - stationary and mobile.

M.S. Color

(1872 – 1920)



Fingerprinting

person identification method

by fingerprint,

based on uniqueness

skin pattern


Prehistoric prints

people on cave walls

F. Galton

(1822 – 1911)

loops

arcs

curls


Fingerprint detection

depressed

hidden

visible

powder C

in pairs I 2

AgNO 3


Detection of invisible traces of blood

The action of ultraviolet

illuminator

Action

luminol

C 8 H 7 N 3 O 2


Personal identification by analysis of DNA composition

Deoxyribonucleic acids

the sequence of which

in a spiral is strictly individual and represents a code form

biological information.



Sofa A.S. Pushkin

Death mask and urn with curl of hair


Alcohol analysis

  • The blood alcohol content is expressed

in ppm (thousandths of a volume).

  • "Blood alcohol concentration 1.5‰" means: 1 liter of blood contains 1.5 ml of ethanol.
  • Quantitatively, ethyl alcohol is determined by the Widmark method:

AP 2 H 5 OH + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4 H 2 SO 4 → 3CH 3 AtoN + Cr 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O



1. Starch iodine reaction

starch + iodine → blue

staining

2. Sympathetic ink

FeSO 4 + K 3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]) →

turnbull blue

FeCl 3 + K 4 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]) →

Prussian blue


3. "Sobriety detector"

AP 2 H 5 OH + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4 H 2 SO 4 →

3CH 3 AtoN + Cr 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O

4. How to distinguish blood from ketchup or paint?

5. Definition

methyl alcohol

in ethanol solution

5CH 3 OH + 6 KMn O 4 + 9 H 2 S O 4 → 5CO 2 + 3 K 2 S O 4 + 6 MnS O 4 + 9H 2 O


6. Fingerprint identification

7. Fundamentals of chromatography


  • Chemistry and forensics, relying on each other, help to fight crime.
  • It is difficult to find an area where the results obtained by expert chemists would not be required.


Forensic science is the science of the regularities of the mechanism of committing a crime, the emergence of information about a crime and its participants, as well as the regularities of collecting, researching, evaluating and using evidence and the means and methods of detecting, investigating and preventing crimes based on the knowledge of these regularities. Forensic science is the science of the regularities of the mechanism of committing a crime, the emergence of information about a crime and its participants, as well as the regularities of collecting, researching, evaluating and using evidence and the means and methods of detecting, investigating and preventing crimes based on the knowledge of these regularities. The subject of criminology is a set of objective patterns, the knowledge of which is necessary for the successful investigation and prevention of crimes. The subject of criminology is a set of objective patterns, the knowledge of which is necessary for the successful investigation and prevention of crimes.


The subject of criminology covers three groups of patterns: The subject of criminology covers three groups of patterns: - patterns of emergence and development of connections and relationships within the crime mechanism: the connection between the action and the result, the repetition of actions in similar situations, stereotypes of behavior of the subject of the crime, etc.; - regularities in the emergence and development of connections and relationships within the mechanism of the crime: the connection between the action and the result, the repetition of actions in similar situations, stereotypes of the behavior of the subject of the crime, etc.; - patterns of crime, formation and implementation of the method of committing and concealing a crime, the connection of the method with the personality of the offender, the dependence of the method on the specific circumstances of the crime, etc.; - patterns of crime, formation and implementation of the method of committing and concealing a crime, the connection of the method with the personality of the offender, the dependence of the method on the specific circumstances of the crime, etc.; - patterns of occurrence and course of phenomena related to a crime that are important for the investigation: secrecy of preparation for the commission of a crime, choice of means, reconnaissance of the situation, study of the subject of criminal encroachment, etc. - patterns of occurrence and course of phenomena related to a crime that are important for the investigation : secrecy of preparation for the commission of a crime, choice of means, reconnaissance of the situation, study of the subject of criminal encroachment, etc. The objects of forensic science are: criminal activity, activities to identify, disclose and investigate crimes, their various processes and relationships, properties and signs. The objects of forensic science are: criminal activity, activities to identify, disclose and investigate crimes, their various processes and relationships, properties and features.



The general task of forensic science is to assist law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime. The general task of forensic science is to assist law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime. Special tasks of criminology: Special tasks of criminology: a) further study of the objective patterns that form the basis of the subject of criminology, the development of its general and particular theories as the basis for developing tools, techniques and recommendations for detecting, investigating and preventing crimes; a) further study of the objective patterns that form the basis of the subject of criminology, the development of its general and particular theories as the basis for the development of tools, techniques and recommendations for the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes; b) development and improvement of technical and forensic support for the investigation of crimes using the achievements of natural, technical and humanitarian sciences; b) development and improvement of technical and forensic support for the investigation of crimes using the achievements of natural, technical and humanitarian sciences; c) development and improvement of the organizational, tactical and methodological foundations of preliminary and judicial investigation, study and generalization of investigative and judicial practice for these purposes; c) development and improvement of the organizational, tactical and methodological foundations of preliminary and judicial investigation, study and generalization of investigative and judicial practice for these purposes; d) development of forensic tools and methods for preventing crimes; d) development of forensic tools and methods for preventing crimes; e) studying the achievements of foreign criminologists and their use in the investigation of crimes and further scientific research. e) studying the achievements of foreign criminologists and their use in the investigation of crimes and further scientific research.


General and special tasks of forensic science are resolved through specific tasks. General and special tasks of forensic science are resolved through specific tasks. A specific task is a temporary one that science solves at this stage, for example, the creation of an algorithm for investigating a new type of crime. A specific task is a temporary one that science solves at this stage, for example, the creation of an algorithm for investigating a new type of crime.


2. History of criminalistics In the second half of the XIX century. crime increased sharply, which in turn required the creation of government agencies able to resist this negative social phenomenon. The effectiveness of their activities is directly related to the development of a qualitatively new integrated system of methods and recommendations aimed at detecting, investigating and preventing crimes. The founder of criminology as a science is the Austrian forensic investigator Hans Gross, who was one of the first to focus on material evidence in solving crimes, on using scientific evidence to detect and study them. technical means and methods of the natural sciences. This branch of knowledge began to be called criminology (from the Latin crimen - a crime). The “Guide for forensic investigators, officers of the general and gendarme police” written by him later became known as the “Guide for forensic investigators as a system of forensic science” (1892). In states Western Europe criminology arose and improved primarily as an applied, technical discipline that generalized the activities of the police, not regulated by law, which was reflected in the works of A. Bertillon, E. Lokar, R.A. Reiss and F. Galton.




A characteristic feature of the development of foreign criminology is the almost complete absence of works devoted to the study of its methodological and theoretical foundations. As a result, even now in most capitalist countries forensic science is not recognized as an independent science, but is regarded as an auxiliary, purely applied discipline, or in general as a “police technique” devoid of legal regulation. Therefore, the range of problems of criminology is limited to a complex of special technical means and techniques, it is assigned the role of a discipline designed to develop purely technical recommendations for the detection and investigation of crimes. And, as a consequence of this approach, in a number of countries (in particular, in the USA), criminology is not taught in all law schools. Despite the noted "one-sidedness" of development, the most complete courses of foreign criminology usually consist of four sections: 1) the technique of committing crimes; 2) forensic technology; 3) forensic tactics; 4) organization of the fight against crime. The first section discusses the methods of various criminal attacks. The next two are devoted respectively to the technical and tactical aspects of forensic science, and in textbooks of a large volume, special parts are allocated in them, taking into account the specifics of technical and tactical methods in relation to individual elements of criminal attacks.


As in other states, in the Russian Empire the formation of forensic science is inextricably linked with the development of the criminal process. In the first half of the XIX century. interest in investigative activities has increased markedly: several works have been published summarizing the practiced methods of interrogation, confrontation, search, and other investigative actions. In this regard, the “Experience of a brief guide for the production of consequences” (1833) by N. Orlov deserves mention. It says: "The investigation must be carried out in hot pursuit with special attention and extreme discretion, so that not the slightest circumstances, especially at the beginning, are overlooked." It also contains separate recommendations on the tactics of interrogating witnesses, confronting them, presenting suspects for identification. In the work of Ya. Barshev "Foundations of criminal proceedings with application to Russian criminal proceedings" (1841), it was said, for example, that "a home search should be carried out unexpectedly, with all care and observation of the actions of persons living in the house being searched" or that "the best should honor that type of interrogation in which the transition is made from more general questions to the most specific, in order to thus give the accused a reason to express himself and the circumstances of the crime, also when the material of the following questions is borrowed from the nearest answers. Moreover, the description of the course and results of the inspection of the scene of the incident, “personal inspection of the crime and its traces” must be so detailed and accurate that those “who should use this act can get through it such a clear and complete idea of ​​the subject of the inspection, as as if they had made it themselves." This work also contains methodological recommendations for investigating murders, thefts, forgery, malicious bankruptcy.


The development of forensic knowledge in Russia was facilitated by the publication of translations of works by foreign authors: “Guide for forensic investigators” by G. Gross, “Verbal portrait” and “Scientific technique for investigating crimes” by R.A. Reiss, Criminal Tactics. Guide to the investigation of crimes ”A. Weingardt. Since the 1880s the journals “Pravo”, “Bulletin of Police”, “Journal of the Ministry of Justice”, “Legal Chronicle”, “Journal of Civil and Criminal Law”, as well as “Yuridicheskaya Gazeta” and “Sudebnaya Gazeta” periodically published articles by foreign and domestic criminalists, which is very contributed to the dissemination of forensic knowledge among legal practitioners. In 1894, the work of M. Shimanovsky "Photography in law and justice" was published in Odessa. In 1908 S.N. Tregubov prepared the "Handbook of a criminalist-practitioner", and the following year V.I. Lebedev published The Art of Solving Crimes. This book was expanded and republished in 1912 under the subtitle "Dactyloscopy". The accumulation of forensic knowledge in the field of forensic examination was distinguished by some originality. The peculiarities of the development of domestic natural science had an effect, the scientific institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia played their role. Back in the 18th century The Imperial Academy of Sciences, at the request of the courts and the police, resolved issues of a forensic nature, determined the content of gold and silver in precious alloys. From the middle of the XIX century. The Academy of Sciences began to analyze controversial documents.


The first forensic institution in Russia is considered to be the forensic photographic laboratory, established in 1889 by E.F. Burinsky at the St. Petersburg District Court. It served as a starting point in the formation of a system of Russian expert institutions. Contribution of E.F. Burinsky in the development of domestic criminalistics consisted mainly in the development of new photographic methods for examining documents. In 1892, he was awarded the high award of the Academy of Sciences - the M.V. Lomonosov for discoveries in the field research photographs and their practical use. His "Forensic Examination of Documents" (1903) is still read with great interest today. E.F. did a lot. Burinsky and to improve handwriting expertise. He personally conducted a number of particularly complex examinations, proved the promise of using mathematical and other precise methods in forensic science. A diversified forensic institution became the office of scientific and forensic examination under the prosecutor of the St. Petersburg Court of Justice, opened in 1912. Two years later, offices of scientific and forensic examination began to operate in Moscow, Kyiv and Odessa. The activities of these offices contributed to the active introduction of forensic knowledge into the Russian criminal process, the improvement of the means and methods for detecting and investigating crimes.


The improvement of criminology as a science in the first years of Soviet power was seriously slowed down. Such leading domestic criminologists as V.I. Lebedev, S.N. Tregubov, B.L. Brazol ended up in exile, the scientific and judicial offices in Kyiv and Odessa were looted and did not immediately resume their work. In the post-October period, Russian criminalistics continued its development in specific historical realities: the mechanism of the bourgeois state was broken, and the police, courts and prosecutors were liquidated. The socio-political guidelines of forensic science became different, which was turned to the service of the party-state apparatus, was used to combat counter-revolution, speculation, sabotage, and then sometimes with manifestations of dissent. Its legal and methodological foundations have changed radically, since the criminal and criminal procedural legislation has been revised. All this could not but affect the content and practical application of forensic tools, methods and techniques. The concepts of foreign criminologists were subjected to indiscriminate criticism and revision, and their work was declared to be dogmatic, ideological in nature. Nevertheless, Soviet criminologists gradually accumulated empirical material, solved the problems of developing their science, used its recommendations in the practice of disclosing and investigating various criminal attacks.


The first stage of the post-October development of domestic criminology () is characterized by a purely practical orientation scientific research. The experience of applying methods and tools borrowed after appropriate refinement from other areas of knowledge, as well as developed by forensic specialists independently, was summarized. Translations of works by foreign authors were continued, mainly on forensic technology. The first attempt to determine the subject and content of Soviet criminalistics was made in 1921 by G.Yu. Mance. He wrote that criminology studies the ways of committing crimes, the life of a criminal element, methods of investigating crimes and identifying criminals. Then criminalistics was considered one of the natural and technical sciences, thus delimiting it from the criminal process. The initial stage of the Soviet period in the development of forensic science is associated with the scientific and practical activities of I.N. Yakimova, V.I. Gromova, P.S. Semenovsky, S.A. Golunsky, S.M. Potapova and others. They came to science knowing well the practice of combating crime, generalizing its achievements in order to improve the means and methods for detecting and investigating crimes.


The generalization of the rich empirical material at the first post-October stage of the development of domestic forensic science served as the basis for the formation in the years. (second stage) a number of forensic theories and teachings. During these years, the methodological foundations of criminology were laid, the scientific base of its components was developed. After intense discussions, the concept of the subject of criminology was formulated as a legal science about technical means and tactics of working with forensic evidence in order to detect and prevent crimes. CM. Potapov laid the foundations for the theory of forensic identification and the establishment of group affiliation. Much attention during the period under review was paid to the development of problems of traceology and ballistics, which received an original solution in the works of B.M. Komarinets and B.I. Shevchenko. In subsequent years, they published their monographs on these and other problems of forensic science, which became reference books for experts and investigators. Considerable attention was paid to the improvement of imprinting and research methods and means of forensic photography, the theory and methods of forensic research of handwritten and typewritten documents were developed. Criminal registration was further developed: theoretical ideas about its scientific foundations, types, methods of use in the fight against crime were formed.


The third stage, which began in the 1960s, is characterized by an increase in the intensity of the development of domestic forensic science, especially in terms of the formation of its general theory. By that time, our forensic science had accumulated rich empirical material, which served as the basis for in-depth scientific research. The general theory became the basis that ensured the growth of forensic science according to the laws of differentiation and integration of special knowledge, contributed to a comprehensive study of the essence of the preliminary investigation, operational-search, judicial and expert activities, further development and improvement of means, methods and techniques for combating crime. All areas of forensic science, its particular theories and teachings were enriched by turning to sociology, psychology, prognostics, probability theory, mathematics, logic, cybernetics, computer science, modeling, and other advanced areas of scientific thought. The progressive development of Russian forensic science led to the separation of the theory of operational-search activity and forensic psychology from it as independent branches of knowledge. New directions have emerged related to the application of the provisions of cybernetics, game theory, odorology, modeling theory in forensic science. Began to be actively explored general principles and methods, objects, special tools, develop new types of forensic examinations, develop techniques and methods for using special knowledge of the widest range.


The forensic system is its constituent parts, identified for certain reasons and characterized by the presence of internal links between structural elements, as well as external stable links between parts. The forensic system is its constituent parts, identified for certain reasons and characterized by the presence of internal links between structural elements, as well as external stable links between parts. The current system of criminology as a science consists of four parts (sections): The current system of criminology as a science consists of four parts (sections): - General theory of criminology; - General theory of criminalistics; - Forensic technology - Forensic technology - Forensic tactics - Forensic tactics - Forensic methods of investigation and prevention of certain types of crimes - Forensic methods of investigation and prevention of certain types of crimes


The general theory of criminology is a combination of its philosophical principles, theoretical concepts, concepts and categories, methods and relationships, which is a general scientific reflection of the subject of criminology. The general theory of criminology is a combination of its philosophical principles, theoretical concepts, concepts and categories, methods and relationships, which is a general scientific reflection of the subject of criminology. The general theory is the methodological basis of forensic science. The general theory includes: The general theory is the methodological basis of forensic science. The general theory includes: a) forensic teachings and private theories, reflecting the results of the knowledge of those objective patterns of reality that are the subject of forensic science and are the basis for the development of forensic tools, techniques and recommendations; a) forensic teachings and private theories that reflect the results of the knowledge of those objective patterns of reality that are the subject of forensic science and are the basis for the development of forensic tools, techniques and recommendations; b) the doctrine of the language of forensic science - a system of concepts, definitions, terms and signs, including the most important concepts of forensic categories; b) the doctrine of the language of forensic science - a system of concepts, definitions, terms and signs, including the most important concepts of forensic categories; c) forensic systematics - the basis for systematizing the knowledge accumulated by forensic science and the accepted classifications of various forensically significant objects; c) forensic systematics - the basis for systematizing the knowledge accumulated by forensic science and the accepted classifications of various forensically significant objects; d) the doctrine of the methods of forensic scientific research and their relationship with methods practical activities. d) the doctrine of the methods of forensic scientific research and their relationship with the methods of practical activity.


Forensic technology is a system of scientific provisions and technical means, techniques and methods developed on their basis, designed to detect, seize, research and use forensic information about an investigated crime, as well as technical means and methods for preventing criminal attacks. Forensic technology is a system of scientific provisions and technical means, techniques and methods developed on their basis, designed to detect, seize, research and use forensic information about an investigated crime, as well as technical means and methods for preventing criminal attacks. The means, techniques and methods of forensic technology are based on natural science and technical, humanitarian and legal knowledge, specially used to combat crime. The section of forensic technology includes: Means, techniques and methods of forensic technology are based on natural science and technical, humanitarian and legal knowledge, specially used to combat crime. The section of forensic technology includes: - general provisions of forensic technology; - General provisions of forensic technology; - forensic photography, sound and video recording; - forensic photography, sound and video recording; - forensic investigation (trasology); - forensic investigation (trasology); - forensic weapons science (ballistics); - forensic weapons science (ballistics); - forensic doctrine of the external signs of a person (habitology); - forensic doctrine of the external signs of a person (habitology); - forensic documentation; - forensic documentation; - forensic registration. - forensic registration.


Forensic tactics is a system of scientific provisions and tactics and recommendations developed on their basis for organizing and planning the investigation of crimes, methods for conducting individual investigative actions aimed at collecting and examining evidence, establishing the circumstances to be proven in the case. Forensic tactics is a system of scientific provisions and tactics and recommendations developed on their basis for organizing and planning the investigation of crimes, methods for conducting individual investigative actions aimed at collecting and examining evidence, establishing the circumstances to be proven in the case. Forensic tactics is also aimed at ensuring the most effective use of techniques and means of forensic technology in the process of investigation and judicial review of criminal cases. At the same time, the use of technical means significantly affects the tactics of investigative actions. Therefore, forensic tactics and forensic technology are inextricably linked. Forensic tactics is also aimed at ensuring the most effective use of techniques and means of forensic technology in the process of investigation and judicial review of criminal cases. At the same time, the use of technical means significantly affects the tactics of investigative actions. Therefore, forensic tactics and forensic technology are inextricably linked.


Forensic methodology is a system of scientific provisions and recommendations developed on their basis for organizing and conducting investigations of certain types of crimes. Forensic methodology is a system of scientific provisions and recommendations developed on their basis for organizing and conducting investigations of certain types of crimes. The forensic investigation technique includes scientific provisions and methodological guidelines and recommendations based on them for the investigation and prevention of murders, robberies, rapes, thefts, extortion, fraud, etc. The forensic technique is closely related to technology and tactics through the specific implementation of their provisions, techniques and means in investigating certain types of crimes. The forensic investigation technique includes scientific provisions and methodological guidelines and recommendations based on them for the investigation and prevention of murders, robberies, rapes, thefts, extortion, fraud, etc. The forensic technique is closely related to technology and tactics through the specific implementation of their provisions, techniques and means in investigating certain types of crimes.


Forensic methods are a system of general scientific and special methods used by forensic science to solve its problems. Forensic methods are a system of general scientific and special methods used by forensic science to solve its problems. The methods developed and used by forensic science are varied and can be classified according to many logical grounds. According to the principle of generality, forensic methods are divided into general, (general scientific) and special. The methods developed and used by forensic science are varied and can be classified according to many logical grounds. According to the principle of generality, forensic methods are divided into general, (general scientific) and special. General (general scientific) methods used in criminology is a system of rules, recommendations, techniques for the study of specific objects, phenomena and facts that are used in all sciences and areas of practice. General (general scientific) methods used in criminology is a system of rules, recommendations, techniques for the study of specific objects, phenomena and facts that are used in all sciences and areas of practice. Special methods are those methods, the scope of which is limited to one or more sciences. Special methods are those methods, the scope of which is limited to one or more sciences.



The general scientific methods of forensic science include: a) sensory-rational methods: a) sensory-rational methods: - observation, which is understood as the perception of an object, phenomenon, process, carried out intentionally and purposefully with the aim of studying it. In forensic scientific research, the objects of observation are elements of the real situation; people, signs of their appearance, manifestations of their character, temperament, emotional state; actions of people, including those that form a method of crime; phenomena and processes; - observation, which is understood as the perception of an object, phenomenon, process, carried out intentionally and purposefully with the aim of studying it. In forensic scientific research, the objects of observation are elements of the real situation; people, signs of their appearance, manifestations of their character, temperament, emotional state; actions of people, including those that form a method of crime; phenomena and processes; - description, which indicates the characteristics of the object. These may be all of the established features or only a few that are relevant to this study. The described signs are established by observation or other methods and are a means of fixing the information received; - description, which indicates the characteristics of the object. These may be all of the established features or only a few that are relevant to this study. The described signs are established by observation or other methods and are a means of fixing the information received; - comparison, that is, a comparison of the properties or characteristics of two or more objects. The objects of comparison can be: specific material formations, mental images; conclusions and offers; results of actions, etc.; - comparison, that is, a comparison of the properties or characteristics of two or more objects. The objects of comparison can be: specific material formations, mental images; conclusions and offers; results of actions, etc.; - experiment, that is, the reproduction of a phenomenon or event to study its relationships with other phenomena. A scientific experiment is used in all sections of forensic science: by setting up experiments, methods for examining material evidence are created, tactics for conducting investigative actions are developed, the most effective directions in the investigation of certain types of crimes are determined; - experiment, that is, the reproduction of a phenomenon or event to study its relationships with other phenomena. A scientific experiment is used in all sections of forensic science: by setting up experiments, methods for examining material evidence are created, tactics for conducting investigative actions are developed, the most effective directions in the investigation of certain types of crimes are determined; - modeling, the essence of which is to replace the original object with a model, that is, a specially created analogue. These can be models of objects, devices, systems, phenomena and processes. With this model, the necessary studies are made, and the results are then extrapolated to the original. Types of modeling used in forensics: mental, physical, mathematical, etc.; - modeling, the essence of which is to replace the original object with a model, that is, a specially created analogue. These can be models of objects, devices, systems, phenomena and processes. With this model, the necessary studies are made, and the results are then extrapolated to the original. Types of modeling used in forensics: mental, physical, mathematical, etc.;



B) logical methods: b) logical methods: - analysis, i.e. mental decomposition of the whole into parts; - analysis, i.e. mental decomposition of the whole into parts; - synthesis (the study of an object or phenomenon in its entirety, in the unity and interconnection of its parts); - synthesis (the study of an object or phenomenon in its entirety, in the unity and interconnection of its parts); - induction, i.e. the process of cognition from the particular to the general; - induction, i.e. the process of cognition from the particular to the general; - deduction (process opposite to induction); - deduction (a process opposite to induction); - hypothesis; - hypothesis; - analogy; - analogy; c) mathematical methods: c) mathematical methods: - measurement during measurement, by comparing the studied quantity with a homogeneous quantity, a quantitative ratio of known and unknown quantities is established. The objects of measurement in forensics are various physical characteristics of objects, phenomena, processes: dimensions, mass, volume, temperature, time intervals, movement speed, spectral characteristics; - measurement during measurement, by comparing the investigated quantity with a homogeneous value, a quantitative ratio of known and unknown quantities is established. The objects of measurement in forensics are various physical characteristics of objects, phenomena, processes: dimensions, mass, volume, temperature, time intervals, movement speed, spectral characteristics; - calculation method that sets the parameters and is necessary when conducting mathematical modeling; - calculation method that sets the parameters and is necessary when conducting mathematical modeling; - geometric constructions this method is necessary for drawing up plans, drawings, diagrams. Method is closely related to measurement; - geometric constructions this method is necessary for drawing up plans, drawings, diagrams. Method is closely related to measurement; d) cybernetic methods are a new group of general scientific methods that are being actively introduced into forensic science. New Information Technology based on the use of these methods allow the search and automatic processing of information, computer modeling, etc. d) cybernetic methods are a new group of general scientific methods that are actively being introduced into forensic science. New information technologies based on the use of these methods make it possible to search for and automatically process information, computer modeling, etc.


The system of special methods of forensic science consists of two groups of methods. The first group consists of forensic methods proper, that is, methods originally developed by forensic science and used only by it. These include: the method of forensic identification, fingerprinting, odorology, planning of investigative actions, organization of the investigation. The first group consists of forensic methods proper, that is, methods originally developed by forensic science and used only by it. These include: the method of forensic identification, fingerprinting, odorology, planning of investigative actions, organization of the investigation. The second group of special methods of criminology are special methods of other sciences. They can be adapted to solve specific forensic problems or used without modification. These methods include: The second group of special methods of criminology are special methods of other sciences. They can be adapted to solve specific forensic problems or used without modification. These methods include: - physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods designed to analyze the morphology, composition, structure, physical and chemical properties substances and materials; - physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods designed to analyze the morphology, composition, structure, physical and chemical properties of substances and materials; - biological methods used to study objects of biological origin; - biological methods used to study objects of biological origin; - anthropological and anthropometric methods used in establishing the identity of the deceased on the basis of bone remains, a formalized description of a person's appearance for his search and development of criteria for subsequent identification; - anthropological and anthropometric methods used in establishing the identity of the deceased on the basis of bone remains, a formalized description of a person's appearance for his search and development of criteria for subsequent identification; - sociological methods used to study the causes and conditions that contribute to the commission and concealment of crimes, analyze the methods of crimes, collect information on the effectiveness of certain tactics and recommendations; - sociological methods used to study the causes and conditions that contribute to the commission and concealment of crimes, analyze the methods of crimes, collect information on the effectiveness of certain tactics and recommendations; - psychological methods used in the development of tactical techniques and combinations, etc. - psychological methods used in the development of tactical techniques and combinations, etc.


The criteria for using methods in forensic science are as follows: a) the scientific nature of the method, which is understood as its scientific validity and the reliability of the results obtained, their accuracy and reliability; a) the scientific nature of the method, which is understood as its scientific validity and the reliability of the results obtained, their accuracy and reliability; b) the safety of the method, which means that its use should not endanger the life and health of people; b) the safety of the method, which means that its use should not endanger the life and health of people; c) legality and ethics of the method. The objects of research in the field of criminal proceedings can be not only objects, but also people, therefore, it is possible to use only such methods that meet the constitutional principles of legality and the moral criteria of society; c) legality and ethics of the method. The objects of research in the field of criminal proceedings can be not only objects, but also people, therefore, it is possible to use only such methods that meet the constitutional principles of legality and the moral criteria of society; d) the effectiveness of the method for solving certain forensic problems. d) the effectiveness of the method for solving certain forensic problems.


Criminalistics is a legal science, since its subject, object of knowledge, developed tools and methods lie in the field of legal phenomena. The service function of forensic science and the tasks it solves belong to the field of law enforcement, to legal processes (investigation, trial, forensic examination), and the recommendations it develops for the practice of combating crime are based on the law or are applied in accordance with its requirements. Criminalistics is a legal science, since its subject, object of knowledge, developed tools and methods lie in the field of legal phenomena. The service function of forensic science and the tasks it solves belong to the field of law enforcement, to legal processes (investigation, trial, forensic examination), and the recommendations it develops for the practice of combating crime are based on the law or are applied in accordance with its requirements. Forensic science is associated with many social, natural, technical sciences, but these connections are mainly focused on the creation and use of reliable methods and means of working with evidence. The main "nutrient medium" for criminology is law, legal sciences, investigative, expert and judicial practice. It should also be noted that, historically, forensic science was born within the framework of criminal procedure law as one of the means of implementing its provisions. Forensic science is associated with many social, natural, technical sciences, but these connections are mainly focused on the creation and use of reliable methods and means of working with evidence. The main "nutrient medium" for criminology is law, legal sciences, investigative, expert and judicial practice. It should also be noted that, historically, forensic science was born within the framework of criminal procedure law as one of the means of implementing its provisions. Criminalistics refers to special legal sciences, those that do not correspond to any particular branch of law or a group of norms from various branches of law. From the point of view of the intensity of connections, forensic science refers to the sciences of the criminal law cycle that study crime and measures to combat it. This group includes: criminal law, criminology, criminal procedure law, forensic science, penitentiary law, theory of operational-search activity, criminal statistics. Criminalistics refers to special legal sciences, those that do not correspond to any particular branch of law or a group of norms from various branches of law. From the point of view of the intensity of connections, forensic science refers to the sciences of the criminal law cycle that study crime and measures to combat it. This group includes: criminal law, criminology, criminal procedure law, forensic science, penitentiary law, theory of operational-search activity, criminal statistics. Forensic science is closely related to the science of criminal law. On the basis of the legal features of crimes, forensic methods of their investigation are being developed: in order to investigate a crime, you need to understand what it is, what features it is characterized by, what are the elements of its composition. Forensic science is closely related to the science of criminal law. On the basis of the legal features of crimes, forensic methods of their investigation are being developed: in order to investigate a crime, you need to understand what it is, what features it is characterized by, what are the elements of its composition.


Like criminology, forensic science deals with the development of crime prevention measures. But its subject here is narrowly specialized, mainly technical measures. The latter are included in the general system of preventive measures being developed by criminology. Criminology data on the identity of criminals and victims, on some circumstances of the commission of various types of crimes are used by criminology in the development of methods for investigating crimes, and on the dynamics of crime and its individual types for planning the most relevant scientific research. Like criminology, forensic science deals with the development of crime prevention measures. But its subject here is narrowly specialized, mainly technical measures. The latter are included in the general system of preventive measures being developed by criminology. Criminology data on the identity of criminals and victims, on some circumstances of the commission of various types of crimes are used by criminology in the development of methods for investigating crimes, and on the dynamics of crime and its individual types for planning the most relevant scientific research. Particularly close ties in criminology were formed with the law of criminal procedure. It defines the limits and conditions for the application of forensic recommendations in the detection and investigation of crimes, the competence of the participants in the process in the use of forensic tools and techniques, the procedural procedure for conducting investigative actions. Forensic science, on this basis, develops tools, techniques and recommendations for the optimal achievement of the goals of criminal proceedings. Particularly close ties in criminology were formed with the law of criminal procedure. It defines the limits and conditions for the application of forensic recommendations in the detection and investigation of crimes, the competence of the participants in the process in the use of forensic tools and techniques, the procedural procedure for conducting investigative actions. Forensic science, on this basis, develops tools, techniques and recommendations for the optimal achievement of the goals of criminal proceedings. Forensic science is also associated with such legal sciences as criminal executive and administrative law. The provisions of penitentiary law are used by criminalistics in the development of methods for detecting and investigating crimes committed in correctional institutions. As for administrative law, although this science is not among the “criminal”, its provisions, especially those contained in the special part, which considers the organization of the activities of internal affairs bodies, cannot be ignored by forensic science when developing its methodological recommendations. Forensic science is also associated with such legal sciences as criminal executive and administrative law. The provisions of penitentiary law are used by criminalistics in the development of methods for detecting and investigating crimes committed in correctional institutions. As for administrative law, although this science is not among the “criminal”, its provisions, especially those contained in the special part, which considers the organization of the activities of internal affairs bodies, cannot be ignored by forensic science when developing its methodological recommendations. The connection between forensic science and the theory of operational-search activity is mutual. Forensic science, when developing problems of tactics and methodology, takes into account the operational-search capabilities, and the operational-search activity of the provisions and recommendations of forensic science. The practical aspect of this connection lies in the fact that the recommendations of forensic science should, among other things, pursue the goal of creating optimal conditions for conducting operational-search activities related to investigative actions and legalizing the results obtained, and the recommendations of the theory of operational-search activities for the production of appropriate investigative actions . The connection between forensic science and the theory of operational-search activity is mutual. Forensic science, when developing problems of tactics and methodology, takes into account the operational-search capabilities, and the operational-search activity of the provisions and recommendations of forensic science. The practical aspect of this connection lies in the fact that the recommendations of forensic science should, among other things, pursue the goal of creating optimal conditions for conducting operational-search activities related to investigative actions and legalizing the results obtained, and the recommendations of the theory of operational-search activities for the production of appropriate investigative actions .


The connections of forensic science with the social sciences are diverse and productive. The categories of materialistic dialectics underlie the doctrine of the methods of forensic science. In scientific forensic research and in the development of practical recommendations by forensic science, one cannot do without the widespread use of the laws of logical thinking, its techniques and procedures such as analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, abstraction, generalization, analogy. The connection between criminology and ethics is expressed in the fact that the development of means, techniques and methods for detecting and investigating crimes takes into account the requirements of moral standards. The legality of the application of forensic recommendations should not conflict with the requirements of morality. The connections of forensic science with the social sciences are diverse and productive. The categories of materialistic dialectics underlie the doctrine of the methods of forensic science. In scientific forensic research and in the development of practical recommendations by forensic science, one cannot do without the widespread use of the laws of logical thinking, its techniques and procedures such as analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, abstraction, generalization, analogy. The connection between criminology and ethics is expressed in the fact that the development of means, techniques and methods for detecting and investigating crimes takes into account the requirements of moral standards. The legality of the application of forensic recommendations should not conflict with the requirements of morality. The data of legal psychology are used by forensic science primarily in the development of tactics. They also constitute one of the important elements of the scientific foundations of a number of private forensic theories (for example, the doctrine of forensic versions, the method of committing a crime) and the tactics developed on this basis for the production of investigative actions. The data of legal psychology are used by forensic science primarily in the development of tactics. They also constitute one of the important elements of the scientific foundations of a number of private forensic theories (for example, the doctrine of forensic versions, the method of committing a crime) and the tactics developed on this basis for the production of investigative actions. The scope of forensic psychology data is forensic tactics and methods and, in part, forensic technology. Suffice it to mention, for example, the importance of psychological data for forensic handwriting, the formation of the inner conviction of a forensic expert, or for the methodology for investigating various frauds. The scope of forensic psychology data is forensic tactics and methods and, in part, forensic technology. Suffice it to mention, for example, the importance of psychological data for forensic handwriting, the formation of the inner conviction of a forensic expert, or for the methodology for investigating various frauds. Forensic science has very branched connections with the natural and technical sciences, and they are constantly expanding under the influence of scientific and technological progress. The connections of forensic science with these sciences mainly lie in the creative use of their achievements for the development and improvement of forensic tools and methods. However, in some cases, the means and methods of these sciences are used for forensic purposes directly, that is, in an untransformed form. All new areas of knowledge are included in the sphere of interaction, but at the same time, “ Feedback”: the achievements of forensic science, its means and methods are beginning to be used in forensic medicine, archeology, biology, archeography, history, literary criticism, etc. All new areas of knowledge are included in the sphere of interaction, but at the same time, “feedback” also arises: the achievements of forensic science, its means and methods are beginning to be used in forensic medicine, archeology, biology, archaeography, history, literary criticism, etc.