Examples of application of modern chemical technologies. Traditional materials with new properties

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

VOLGA POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (BRANCH) OF VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

CHAIR OF GENERAL CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.

INDIVIDUAL WORK

Topic: New materials in chemistry and the possibilities of their application

Completed:

student gr. VE-111

Kuznetsova O.V.

Checked:

Ivankin. O.M.

Volzhsky, 2008

Introduction

1. Polymer materials

2. Synthetic fabrics

3. Saving and replacing materials

6. Optical materials

Bibliography

Introduction

Materials are substances from which various products are made: products and devices, cars and aircraft, bridges and buildings, spacecraft and microelectronic circuits, particle accelerators and nuclear reactors, clothing, shoes, etc. Each type of product requires its own materials with well-defined characteristics. High demands have always been made on the properties of materials.

Modern technologies make it possible to produce a wide variety of high-quality materials, but the problem of creating new materials with better properties remains relevant to this day.

When searching for a new material with desired properties, it is important to establish its composition and structure, as well as provide conditions for managing them.

In recent decades, materials have been synthesized with amazing properties, for example, materials for heat shields for spacecraft, high-temperature superconductors, etc. It is hardly possible to enumerate all types of modern materials. Over time, their number is constantly increasing.

Many structural elements of modern aircraft are made of composite polymer materials. One of these materials - Kevlar in terms of an important indicator - the strength / weight ratio - surpasses many materials, including the highest quality steel.

1. Polymer materials

polymer synthetic fabric

Plastics are materials based on natural or synthetic polymers that can acquire a given shape when heated under pressure and stably maintain it after cooling. In addition to the polymer, plastics may contain fillers, stabilizers, pigments, and other components. Other names for plastics are sometimes used - plastics, plastics.

Polymers are built from macromolecules, consisting of numerous small basic molecules - monomers. The process of their formation depends on many factors, variations and combinations of which make it possible to obtain many varieties of polymer products with different properties. The main processes for the formation of macromolecules are polymerization and polycondensation.

By changing the structure of molecules and their various combinations, it is possible to synthesize plastics with desired properties. An example is the synthesis of plastics with desired properties. An example is ABS polymer. It consists of three main monomers: acrylonitrate (A), butadiene (B) and styrene (C). The first of them provides chemical resistance, the second - impact resistance and the third - hardness and ease of thermoplastic processing. The main value of these polymers is the replacement of metals in various designs.

The most promising materials with high thermal stability were aromatic and heteroaromatic structures with a strong benzene ring: polyphenylene sulfide, aromatic polyamides, fluoropolymers, etc. These materials can be operated at a temperature of 200 - 400 degrees. The main consumers of heat-resistant plastics are aviation and rocket technology.

2. Synthetic fabrics

Since the beginning of the twentieth century. chemical technologies began to focus on the creation of new fibrous materials. To date, a variety of artificial fibers are made mainly from 4 types of chemical materials: cellulose (viscose), polyamide, polyacrylonitrile and polyesters.

The volume of production of synthetic materials for the clothing manufacturer is driven by consumer demand, which has shown a downward trend in recent years. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of chemists is to approximate in properties and quality artificial materials to natural.

The innovations of today have affected the geometry of the fibers. Manufacturers of textile raw materials strive to make the threads as thin as possible.

Hollow fibers also appeared. They resist the cold better. If such a fiber is not round in cross section, but oval, then the fabric from it removes sweat from the skin more easily.

One of the varieties of synthetics is Kevlar. It is 5 times more tear resistant than steel and is used to make bulletproof jackets. The favorite material of fashion designers - elastic - is convenient not only in sportswear, but also in everyday suits. There is a fabric based on tiny glass balls that reflect light. Clothing made from it is good protection for those who are outside at night.

An original technology for manufacturing fabric for astronaut clothing, which is able to protect him outside the atmosphere from the chilling cold of space and the scorching heat of the Sun. The secret of such clothes is in the millions of microscopic capsules embedded in the fabric or foam - the mass.

Modern fabrics often consist of several layers, such as metal foil, yarn, and sweat-wicking fibers.

The latest fabrics have paved the way for modern clothing technology.

3. Substitution of materials

Old materials are being replaced by new ones. This usually happens in 2 cases: when there is a shortage of old material and when new material more efficient. The substitute material should have the best properties. For example, plastics can be classified as substitute materials, although it is hardly possible to consider them definitely new materials. Plastics can replace metal, wood, leather and other materials.

No less difficult is the problem of replacing non-ferrous metals. Many countries follow the path of their economical, rational consumption. The advantages of plastics for many applications are quite obvious: one ton of plastics in mechanical engineering saves 5 - 6 tons of metals. In the production of, for example, plastic screws, gear wheels, etc., the number of processing operations is reduced, labor productivity is increased by 300-1000%. In the processing of metals, the material is used by 70%, and in the manufacture of plastic products - by 90-95%.

The replacement of timber began in the first half of the 20th century. First of all, plywood appeared, and later - fibreboard and particle board. In recent decades, wood has been replaced by aluminum and plastics. Examples include toys, household items, boats, building structures, and the like. At the same time, there is a tendency to increase consumer demand for goods made from wood.

In the future, plastics will be replaced by composite materials, the development of which is given great attention.

4. Super strong and heat resistant materials

The range of materials for various purposes is constantly expanding. In the last decade, a natural-scientific basis has been created for the development of fundamentally new materials with desired properties. For example, steel containing 18% nickel, 8% cobalt and 3-5% molybdenum is highly durable - the strength-to-density ratio for it is several times greater than for some aluminum and titanium alloys. Its primary area of application is aviation and rocket technology.

The search for new high-strength aluminum alloys continues. Their density is relatively low and they are used at relatively low temperatures - up to about 320 degrees. Titanium alloys with high corrosion resistance are suitable for high temperature conditions.

There is a further development of powder metallurgy. Pressing metal and other powders is one of the promising ways to increase the strength and improve other properties of pressed materials.

In the last decade, much attention has been paid to the development of composite materials, i.e. materials consisting of components with different properties. Such materials contain a base in which reinforcing elements are distributed: fibers, particles, etc. Composites may include glass, metal, wood, man-made materials, including plastics. A large number of possible combinations of components makes it possible to obtain a variety of composite materials.

When combining poly- and single-crystal filaments with polymer matrices (polyesters, phenolic and epoxy resins), materials are obtained that are not inferior in strength to steel, but 4 to 5 times lighter.

The material of the future will be one that will be not only heavy-duty, but also resistant to prolonged exposure to an aggressive environment.

The creation of heat-resistant materials is one of the most important tasks in the development of modern chemical technologies.

To date, promising methods for the manufacture of heat-resistant materials have been developed. These include: implantation of ions, on any surface; plasma synthesis; melting and crystallization in the absence of gravity; deposition on polycrystalline, amorphous and crystalline surfaces using molecular beams; chemical condensation from the gas phase in a glow plasma discharge, etc.

With the use of modern technologies, for example, silicon nitride and tungsten silicide, heat-resistant materials for microelectronics, have been obtained. Silicon nitride has excellent electrical insulating properties even with a small layer thickness of less than 0.2 microns. Tungsten silicide has a very low electrical resistance. These materials in the form of a thin film are deposited on the elements of integrated circuits. Sputtering is carried out by plasma deposition on a less heat-resistant substrate without a noticeable change in its properties.

Of practical interest is the method of obtaining new ceramic materials for the manufacture of, for example, all-ceramic cylinder block of an internal combustion engine. This method consists in casting a silicon-containing polymer into a mold of a given configuration, followed by heating, during which the polymer is converted into a heat-resistant and durable silicon carbide or silicon nitride.

New technologies make it possible to synthesize more heat-resistant materials.

5. Materials with unusual properties

Nitinol is a nickel - titanium alloy, which has the unusual property of retaining its original shape. Therefore, sometimes it is called a memory metal, or a metal with memory. Nitinol is able to retain its original shape even after cold forming and heat treatment. It is characterized by super - and thermoelasticity, high corrosion and erosion resistance.

At first, nitinol products served as an advantage for military purposes - they were used to connect various pipelines in combat aircraft, access to which is limited.

The unique design with the help of nitinol couplings was assembled six years ago in space. Mounting a relatively long mast to mount the engine by traditional methods would require astronauts to stay in space for a long time, which could expose it to excessive space radiation. The nityl couplings made it possible to quickly and easily assemble a 14-meter mast.

The use of nitinol couplings can bring the greatest benefit not for solving one-time space and narrowly focused military tasks, but for national economic purposes. These are gas pipelines, oil pipelines, gasoline pipelines, water pipelines. Gas, oil and gasoline pipelines filled with flammable gas, oil and gasoline, respectively, pose an increased fire hazard, and therefore welding cannot be used for repairs, and all restoration work must be carried out using threaded connections and fasteners. This task is greatly simplified by the use of corrosion-resistant nitinol sleeves, which operate when a relatively small current is passed through them, and no open flame is required.

Nitinol clamps, couplings, spirals are used in medicine. With the help of nitinol clamps, broken parts of bones are more effectively connected. Thanks to the shape memory, the nityl sleeve is better fixed in the gum, protecting the joints from overload. Nitinol, having the ability to elastically deform by 8-10%, smoothly perceives the load, like a living tooth, and as a result injures the gums less. The nitinol spiral is able to restore the cross section of a vessel affected by a particular disease in the human body.

Without a doubt, nitinol is a promising material, and many other examples of its successful application will become known in the near future.

Liquid crystals are liquids that, like crystals, have anisotropy of properties associated with the ordered orientation of molecules. Due to the strong dependence of the properties of a liquid crystal on external influences, they find a variety of applications in technology (in temperature sensors, indicator devices, light modulators, etc.). Today, in the world market of display technologies, liquid crystal devices are only inferior to kinescopes, and in terms of energy efficiency in displays with a relatively small screen area, they have no competitors.

A liquid crystal substance consists of organic molecules with a predominantly ordered orientation in one or two directions. Such a substance has fluidity like a liquid, and the crystalline ordering of the molecules is confirmed by its optical properties. There are three main types of liquid crystals: nematic, smectic and cholesteric.

One of the promising directions in the chemistry of liquid crystals is the realization of these structures in the synthesis of polymers. Molecular ordering characteristic of nematic liquid crystals. It is this principle that underlies the production of artificial fibers with exceptionally high tensile strength, which can replace materials for the manufacture of aircraft fuselages, bulletproof vests, etc.

6. Optical materials

The electrical signal sent through the copper wire is gradually being replaced by a much more informative light signal propagating through the light-conducting fibers.

The improvement of technologies for the manufacture of quartz filaments has made it possible to reduce the loss of luminous flux by about 100 times in less than a ten-year period. Even more transparent fibers can be obtained from new optical materials, such as fluoride glasses, for example. Unlike ordinary glasses, which consist of a mixture of metal oxides, fluoride glasses are a mixture of metal fluorides.

Fiber optics offers extremely great opportunities for transmitting large amounts of information over long distances. Already today, many telephone exchanges, television, etc. successfully use fiber-optic communication.

Modern chemical technology has played an important role not only in the development of new optical materials - optical fibers, but also in the creation of materials for optical devices for switching, amplifying and storing optical signals. Optical devices operate on new time scales for processing light signals. Modern optical devices use lithium niobate and gallium aluminum arsenide.

Experimental studies show that organic stereoisomers, liquid crystals, and polyacetylenes have better optical properties than lithium niobate and are very promising materials for new optical devices.

7. Materials with electrical properties

Initially, such materials were predominantly silicon and germanium single crystals containing relatively low impurity concentrations. Some time later, helium arsenide single crystals grown on single-crystal indium phosphide substrates became the center of attention of developers. Modern technology makes it possible to obtain several layers of gallium arsenide of different thicknesses with different impurity content. The working units of lasers and laser display devices used in long-wave optical communication lines are made from gallium arsenide materials.

In the process of developing new semiconductor materials, the semiconductor properties of amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon were unexpectedly discovered.

To date, completely new groups of materials with electrical conductivity have been discovered. Their physical properties largely depend on the local structure and molecular bonds. Some of these materials are inorganic, others are organic compounds.

In polymer conductors, large flat molecules serve as elements of the conducting column and form metal macrocycles that are connected to each other through covalently bonded oxygen atoms. Such a chemically engineered molecule has electrical conductivity, and this is a real sensation. Atoms of a metal and the group surrounding it in a planar macrocycle can be replaced and modified in various ways. As a result, a polymer with desired electrically conductive properties can be obtained.

The technology for manufacturing polymer conductors has already been mastered, and the number of varieties of such conductors is growing. Under the influence of certain regents, polyparaphenylene, paraphenylene sulfide, polypyrrole and other polymers acquire electrically conductive properties.

In some solid materials with an ionic mobile structure, the mobility of ions is compared to the mobility of ions in a liquid. Similar materials are used in memory devices, displays, sensors, and as electrolytes and electrodes in batteries.

When creating modern microelectronic technology and highly sensitive equipment, various materials with anisotropic electrical, magnetic and optical properties are used. Such properties are possessed by ionic crystals, organic molecular crystals, semiconductor and many other materials.

Modern technology makes it possible to obtain a material in the form of glass, but not with dielectric properties, but with metallic conductivity or semiconductor properties. This technology is based on the rapid freezing of a liquid, the condensation of a gas phase on a very cold surface, or the implantation of ions on the surface of a solid.

Thus, with the use of modern technologies, it is possible to obtain new materials with an unusual set of properties.

8. High-temperature superconductors

Superconductors are substances that go into the superconducting state at temperatures below the critical temperature.

Many substances have a superconducting property: about half of the metals (for example, a nickel-titanium alloy with a critical temperature of 9.8 K), several hundred alloys and intermetallic compounds.

Superconductivity has been discovered in polymeric substances. All this testifies to the fact that many minerals have a superconducting property, but their critical temperature remained relatively low for a long time.

At the end of 1986 An important discovery was made: it was found that some solid compounds based on copper and oxygen pass into the superconducting state at temperatures above 90 K. This phenomenon is called high-temperature superconductivity.

The use of refrigerants, even such as liquid xenon, inevitably leads to the complexity of designs that include superconducting materials. This is one of the reasons for holding back the widespread introduction of high-temperature superconducting materials.

High-temperature conductivity, discovered more than ten years ago, promised a lot of tempting prospects both in the field of fundamental science and in solving purely technical problems. The efforts of the world's leading researchers were aimed at obtaining new materials and studying their structure. Research continues, none of them has yet been able to solve the problem of superconductivity in general, but each helps to understand it. A lot of important and interesting things have been found in the crystal structure of the substance.

9. Materials for the dissociation of organometallic compounds

The results of recent experimental studies have shown that the thermal dissociation of a number of organometallic compounds produces pure metals of various solid forms with unique properties. These organometallic compounds include:

Carbonyls - W (CO) , Mo (CO) , Fe (CO) , Ni (CO) ,

Metal acetylacetonates -

Rhodium dicarbonylacetonate -

These compounds in the gaseous state are characterized by high volatility. They decompose when heated to 100-150C. As a result of thermal dissociation, a pure metal phase can be obtained in various condensed forms: fine powders, metal whiskers, non-porous thin-film materials, cellular metalons, metal fibers and paper.

Highly dispersed powders consist of particles of small sizes - up to 1 - 3 microns and are used for the production of cermets - metal compositions with oxides, nitrides, borides obtained by powder metallurgy.

Metallic wicks are whiskers with a diameter of 0.5 - 2.0 µm and a length of 5 - 50 µm. Metal whiskers are of practical interest for the synthesis of new composite materials with a metal or plastic matrix.

Non-porous thin-film materials are distinguished by a high atomic packing density. In terms of light reflection, this material approaches silver.

Cellular metals are formed during the deposition of metal as a result of the penetration of vapors of organometallic compounds into the pores of any material. In this way, a cellular metal structure is formed.

10. Thin-film materials for information storage

Any electronic computer, including a personal computer, contains an information storage device - a storage device capable of accumulating and storing a large amount of information.

The manufacture of modern high-capacity magnetic storage devices is based on the use of thin-film materials. Thanks to the use of new magnetic materials and as a result of improving the manufacturing technology of all thin-film elements of a magnetic storage device, the surface density of information recording has increased five times in a relatively short period of time.

Recording with a high surface density is carried out on a carrier, the working layer of which is formed from a thin-film cobalt-containing material.

A high recording density can only be realized with the help of transducers whose thin-film magnetic core material is characterized by high saturation magnetic induction and high magnetic permeability. A highly sensitive thin-film element is used to reproduce high-density recorded information, and the electrical resistance changes in a magnetic field. Such an element is called magnetoresistive. It is sputtered from a highly permeable magnetic material, such as permalloy.

Thus, with the use of thin-film magnetic materials in the manufacture of high-capacity information storage devices, a fairly high information recording density has already been realized. With the modernization of such drives and the introduction of new materials, we should expect a further increase in information density, which is very important for the development of modern technical means recording, accumulation and storage of information.

Bibliography

1. S.Kh. Karpenkov. Concepts of modern natural science. Moscow. 2001

2. Khomchenko G.P. Chemistry for entering universities. - Higher School, 1985. - 357 p.

3. Furmer I.E. General chemical technology. - M.: Higher school, 1987. - 334 p.

4. Lakhtin Yu.M., Leontieva V.P. Materials Science. -- M.: Mashinostroenie, 1990

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Modern chemical technology

Modern chemical technology, using the achievements of natural and technical sciences, studies and develops a set of physical and chemical processes, machines and apparatuses, optimal ways of implementing these processes and controlling them in the industrial production of various substances, products, materials.

The development of science and industry has led to a significant increase in the number of chemical industries. For example, about 80,000 different chemical products are currently produced from oil alone.

The growth of chemical production, on the one hand, and the development of chemical and technical sciences, on the other, made it possible to develop the theoretical foundations of chemical-technological processes.

Technology of refractory non-metallic and silicate materials;

Chemical technology of synthetic biologically active substances, chemical pharmaceuticals and cosmetics;

Chemical technology of organic substances;

Technology and processing of polymers;

Basic processes of chemical production and chemical cybernetics;

Chemical technology of natural energy carriers and carbon materials;

Chemical technology of inorganic substances.

Chemical technology and biotechnology includes a set of methods, methods and means for obtaining substances and creating materials using physical, physicochemical and biological processes.

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY:

Analysis and forecasts of the development of chemical technology;

New processes in chemical technology;

Technology of inorganic substances and materials;

Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials;

Technology of organic substances;

catalytic processes;

Petrochemistry and oil refining;

Technology of polymer and composite materials;

Chemical and metallurgical processes of deep processing of ore, technogenic and secondary raw materials;

Chemistry and technology of rare, scattered and radioactive elements;

Processing of spent nuclear fuel, disposal of nuclear waste;

Environmental problems. Creation of low-waste and closed technological schemes;

Processes and devices of chemical technology;

Technology of medicines, household chemicals;

Monitoring of the natural and technogenic sphere;

Chemical processing of solid fuels and natural renewable raw materials;

Economic problems of chemical technology;

Chemical cybernetics, modeling and automation of chemical production;

Problems of toxicity, ensuring the safety of chemical production. Occupational Safety and Health;

Analytical control of chemical production, product quality and certification;

Chemical technology of macromolecular compounds

RADIATION-CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY (RCT) is a field of general chemical technology dedicated to the study of processes occurring under the influence of ionizing radiation (IR) and the development of methods for the safe and cost-effective use of the latter in the national economy, as well as the creation of appropriate devices (devices, installations).

RCT is used to obtain consumer goods and means of production, to impart improved or new operational properties to materials and finished products, to increase the efficiency of agricultural production, to solve certain environmental problems, etc.

1. Introduction3
2. Chemical industry3
3. Chemical technology7
4. Conclusion8

References9

Introduction

The chemical industry is the second leading branch of the industry after electronics, which most rapidly ensures the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in all spheres of the economy and contributes to the acceleration of the development of productive forces in each country. A feature of the modern chemical industry is the orientation of the main science-intensive industries (pharmaceutical, polymeric materials, reagents and highly pure substances), as well as products of perfumery and cosmetics, household chemicals, etc. to ensure the daily needs of a person and his health.

The development of the chemical industry led to the process of chemicalization of the national economy. It involves the widespread use of industry products, the full introduction of chemical processes in various sectors of the economy. Such industries as oil refining, thermal power engineering (except for nuclear power plants), pulp and paper, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, building materials(cement, brick, etc.), as well as many food industry productions, are based on the use of chemical processes for changing the structures of the starting substance. At the same time, they often need the products of the chemical industry itself, i.e. thereby stimulating its accelerated development.

Chemical industry

The chemical industry is an industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials by chemical processing. Gross production of the chemical industry in the world is about 2 trillion. USD Volume industrial production chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia in 2004 amounted to 528156 million rubles.

The chemical industry became a separate industry with the onset of the industrial revolution. The first plants for the production of sulfuric acid, the most important of the mineral acids used by man, were built in 1740 (Great Britain, Richmond), in 1766 (France, Rouen), in 1805 (Russia, Moscow region), in 1810 (Germany, Leipzig). To meet the needs of the developing textile and glass industries, the production of soda ash arose. The first soda plants appeared in 1793 (France, Paris), in 1823 (Great Britain, Liverpool), in 1843 (Germany, Schönebeck-on-Elbe), in 1864 (Russia, Barnaul). With the development in the middle of the XIX century. artificial fertilizer plants appeared in agriculture: in 1842 in Great Britain, in 1867 in Germany, in 1892 in Russia.

Raw material connections, the early emergence of the industry contributed to the emergence of Great Britain as a world leader in chemical production during three quarters of the 19th century. From the end of the 19th century Germany is becoming the leader in the chemical industry with the growing demand of economies for organic substances. Thanks to the rapid process of concentration of production, a high level of scientific and technological development, an active trade policy, Germany by the beginning of the 20th century. conquers the world market of chemical products. In the United States, the chemical industry began to develop later than in Europe, but by 1913, in terms of production of chemical products, the United States occupied and has since held the first place in the world among states. This is facilitated by the richest mineral resources, a developed transport network, and a powerful domestic market. Only by the end of the 1980s did the chemical industry of the EU countries in general terms exceed the volume of production in the USA.

Table 1

Sub-sectors of the chemical industry

Sub-sector
Inorganic chemistry	Ammonia production, Soda production, Sulfuric acid production
Organic chemistry	Acrylonitrile, Phenol, Ethylene Oxide, Carbamide
Ceramics	silicate production
Petrochemistry	Benzene, Ethylene, Styrene
Agrochemistry	Fertilizers, Pesticides, Insecticides, Herbicides
Polymers	Polyethylene, Bakelite, Polyester
Elastomers	Rubber, Neoprene, Polyurethanes
Explosives	Nitroglycerin, Ammonium Nitrate, Nitrocellulose
pharmaceutical chemistry	Medications: Synthomycin, Taurine, Ranitidine...
Perfumes and cosmetics	Coumarin, Vanillin, Camphor

All the specific features of the chemical industry that have been noted are currently having a great influence on the structure of the industry. In the chemical industry, the share of high-value science-intensive products is increasing. The production of many types of mass products that require large expenditures of raw materials, energy, water and are unsafe for the environment is being stabilized or even reduced. However, the processes of structural adjustment proceed differently in certain groups of states and regions. This has a noticeable impact on the geography of certain groups of industries in the world.

The greatest impact on the development of the economy of the world and conditions Everyday life human society had in the second half of the XX century. polymeric materials, products of their processing.

Industry of polymeric materials. From 30 to 45% of the cost of products of the chemical industry in the developed countries of the world falls on it and the production of the initial types of hydrocarbons for the synthesis, semi-products from them. This is the basis of the entire industry, its core, closely connected with almost all chemical industries. Raw materials for obtaining initial hydrocarbons, semi-products and polymers themselves are mainly oil, associated and natural gas. Their consumption for the production of this wide range of products is relatively small: only 5-6% of the oil produced in the world and 5-6% of natural gas.

Plastics and synthetic resin industry. Synthetic resins are mainly used to produce chemical fibers, and plastics are most often the starting materials for construction. This predetermines their use in many areas of industry, construction, as well as products made from them in everyday life. Many types of plastics, even more of their brands have been created in recent decades. There is a whole class of industrial plastics for the most critical products in mechanical engineering (fluoroplastics, etc.).

The chemical fiber industry revolutionized the entire light industry. In the 30s. the role of chemical fibers in the structure of textiles was negligible: 30% of them were wool, about 70% were cotton and other fibers of plant origin. Chemical fibers are increasingly being used for technical purposes. The scope of their application in the economy and household consumption is constantly growing.

Synthetic rubber industry. The demand for rubber products in the world (only automobile tires are produced annually 1 billion) is increasingly provided by the use of synthetic rubber. It accounts for 2/3 of the total production of natural and synthetic rubbers. The production of the latter has a number of advantages (less costs for the construction of factories than for the creation of plantations; less labor costs for its factory production; lower price compared to natural rubber, etc.). Therefore, its release has developed in more than 30 states.

Mineral fertilizer industry. The use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers largely determines the level of development of agriculture in countries and regions. Mineral fertilizers are the most mass-produced products of the chemical industry.

The pharmaceutical industry is becoming increasingly important in protecting the health of the world's growing population. The growing demand for its products is due to:

1) the rapid aging of the population, primarily in many industrial countries of the world, which requires the introduction of new complex drugs in medical practice;

2) an increase in cardiovascular and oncological diseases, as well as the emergence of new diseases (AIDS), which require more and more effective drugs to combat;

3) the creation of new generations of drugs due to the adaptation of microorganisms to their old forms.

rubber industry. The products of this industry are increasingly focused on meeting the needs of the population.

In addition to the many household rubber products (rugs, toys, hoses, shoes, balls, etc.) that have become common consumer goods, there is a growing demand for rubber components for many types of engineering products. This includes means of groundless transport: tires for cars, bicycles, tractors, aircraft chassis, etc. Rubber products such as pipelines, gaskets, insulators and others are essential for many types of products. This explains the vast range of rubber products (it exceeds 0.5 million items).

Among the most mass-produced products of the industry, the production of tires (tires) for different types transport. The release of these products is determined by the number of vehicles manufactured in the world, estimated at many tens of millions of units of each of them. The production of tires consumes 3/4 of natural and synthetic rubber, a significant part of the synthetic fibers used for the production of cord fabric - tire carcass. In addition, to obtain rubber as a filler, various types of soot are needed - also a product of one of the branches of the chemical industry - soot. All this determines the close relationship of the rubber industry with other branches of the chemical industry.

The level of development of the country's economy can be judged by the level of development of the chemical industry. It supplies the economy with raw materials and materials, makes it possible to apply new technological processes in all sectors of the economy. The intra-industry composition of the chemical industry is very complex:

1) basic chemistry,

2) chemistry of organic synthesis.

Pharmaceutics, photochemistry, household chemicals, perfumery belong to fine chemistry and can use both organic and inorganic raw materials. The intersectoral ties of the chemical industry are extensive - there is no such branch of the economy with which it would not be connected. Scientific complex, electric power industry, metallurgy, fuel industry, light industry - chemistry - textile industry, agriculture, food industry, construction, engineering, military-industrial complex. The chemical industry can use a variety of raw materials: oil, gas, coal, timber, minerals, even air. Therefore, chemical enterprises can be located everywhere. The geography of the chemical industry is extensive: the production of potash fertilizers gravitates towards the areas of extraction of raw materials, the production of nitrogen fertilizers - to the consumer, the production of plastics, polymers, fibers, rubber - to the areas of processing of oil raw materials. The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of the scientific and technological revolution, along with mechanical engineering, this is the most dynamic branch of modern industry.

The main features of the placement are similar to the features of the placement of mechanical engineering; 4 main regions have developed in the world chemical industry. The largest of them - Western Europe. Especially rapidly in many countries of the region, the chemical industry began to develop after the Second World War, when petrochemistry began to lead in the structure of the industry. As a result, petrochemical and oil refining centers are located in seaports and on the routes of main oil pipelines.

The second most important region is the United States, where the chemical industry is characterized by great diversity. The main factor in the location of enterprises was the raw material factor, which largely contributed to the territorial concentration of chemical production. The third region is East and Southeast Asia, Japan plays a particularly important role (with powerful petrochemistry based on imported oil). The importance of China and the newly industrialized countries, which specialize mainly in the production of synthetic products and semi-finished products, is also growing.

The fourth region is the CIS countries, which have a diverse chemical industry, focused on both raw materials and energy factors.

Chemical Technology

Chemical technology is the science of the processes and methods of chemical processing of raw materials and intermediate products.

It turns out that all the processes associated with the processing and production of substances, despite their external diversity, are divided into several related, similar groups, in each of them similar apparatuses are used. There are 5 such groups in total - these are chemical, hydromechanical, thermal, mass transfer and mechanical processes.

In any chemical production, we meet simultaneously all or almost all of the listed processes. Let us consider, for example, a technological scheme in which product C is obtained from two initial liquid components A and B according to the reaction: A + B-C.

The initial components pass through the filter, in which they are cleaned of solid particles. Then they are pumped into the reactor, preheated to the reaction temperature in the heat exchanger. The reaction products, including the component and impurities of unreacted components, are sent for separation to a distillation column. Along the height of the column, there is a multiple exchange of components between the flowing liquid and the vapor rising from the boiler. In this case, the vapors are enriched with components having a lower boiling point than the product. Coming out of the upper part of the column pairs of components are condensed in the dephlegmator. Part of the condensate is returned to the reactor, and the other part (phlegm) is sent to irrigate the distillation column. The pure product is removed from the boiler, being cooled to normal temperature in the heat exchanger.

Establishing the patterns of each of the groups of chemical engineering processes opened the green light for the chemical industry. After all, now the calculation of any, the newest chemical production is carried out according to well-known methods and it is almost always possible to use mass-produced devices.

The rapid development of chemical technology has become the basis for the chemicalization of the national economy of our country. New branches of chemical production are being created, and most importantly, the processes and apparatus of chemical technology are being widely introduced into other branches of the national economy and into everyday life. They underlie the production of fertilizers, building materials, gasoline and synthetic fibers. Any modern production, no matter what it produces - cars, airplanes or children's toys, is not complete without chemical technology.

One of the most interesting problems that can be solved with the help of chemical technology in the near future is the use of the resources of the World Ocean. Ocean water contains almost all the elements necessary for man. It contains 5.5 million tons of gold and 4 billion tons of uranium, huge amounts of iron, manganese, magnesium, tin, lead, silver and other elements, the reserves of which are depleted on land. But for this it is necessary to create completely new processes and apparatuses of chemical technology.

Conclusion

The chemical industry, like mechanical engineering, is one of the most complex industries in terms of its structure. It clearly distinguishes semi-product industries (basic chemistry, organic chemistry), basic (polymeric materials - plastics and synthetic resins, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, mineral fertilizers), processing (synthetic dyes of varnishes and paints, pharmaceutical, photochemical, reagents, household chemicals, rubber products). The range of its products is about 1 million items, types, types, brands of products.

Chemical technology is the science of the most economical and environmentally sound methods and means of processing raw natural materials into consumer products and intermediate products.

It is divided into technology of inorganic substances (production of acids, alkalis, soda, silicate materials, mineral fertilizers, salts, etc.) and technology of organic substances (synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes, alcohols, organic acids, etc.);

Bibliography

1. Doronin A. A. New discovery of American chemists. / Kommersant, No. 56, 2004
1. 2. Kilimnik A. B. Physical chemistry: Textbook. Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. un-ta, 2005. 80 p.
2. 3. Kim A.M., Organic Chemistry, 2004
  1. 4. Perepelkin K. E. Polymer composites based on chemical fibers, their main types, properties and applications / Technical textile No. 13, 2006
3. 5. Traven V.F. Organic chemistry: A textbook for universities in 2 volumes. - M.: Akademkniga, 2004. - V.1. - 727 p., Vol. 2. - 582 p.

Every teacher wants his subject to arouse deep interest among schoolchildren, so that students can not only write chemical formulas and reaction equations, but also understand the chemical picture of the world, be able to think logically, so that each lesson is a holiday, a small performance that brings joy to students and teacher. We are used to the fact that in the lesson the teacher tells, and the student listens and learns. Listening to ready-made information is one of the most inefficient ways of teaching. Knowledge cannot be transferred from head to head mechanically (heard - learned). It seems to many that you just need to make the student listen and things will immediately go smoothly. However, the student, like any person, is endowed with free will, which cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is impossible to violate this natural law and subdue them even for good purposes. The desired result cannot be achieved in this way.

It follows from this that it is necessary to make the student an active participant in the educational process. The student can learn information only in his own activity with interest in the subject. Therefore, the teacher needs to forget about the role of the informant, he must play the role of the organizer of the student's cognitive activity.

It is possible to single out different types of activity for the development of new material by the student: material, materialized and intellectual. Material activity is understood as activity with the object of study. For chemistry, such an object is a substance, i.e. material activity in chemistry lessons is the conduct of experiments. Experiments can be conducted by students or demonstrated by the teacher.

Materialized activity is activity with material models, formulas, tabular, digital, graphic material, etc. In chemistry, this is activity with material models of molecules, crystal lattices, chemical formulas, solving chemical problems, comparing physical quantities that characterize the substances under study. Any external activity (activity with hands) is reflected in the brain, i.e. passes into the inner plane, into intellectual activity. Conducting experiments, compiling chemical formulas and equations, comparing digital material, the student draws conclusions, systematizes facts, establishes certain relationships, draws analogies, etc.

So, the teacher should organize all kinds of educational and cognitive activities in the lesson for the student. It is necessary that the educational and cognitive activity of the student correspond to the educational material that must be learned. It is necessary that as a result of the activity, the student independently comes to some conclusions, so that he creates knowledge for himself.

The most important principle of didactics is the principle of independent creation of knowledge, which lies in the fact that knowledge is not obtained by the student in a finished form, but is created by him as a result of a certain cognitive activity organized by the teacher.

Self-discovery of the smallest grain of knowledge by a student gives him great pleasure, allows him to feel his abilities, elevates him in his own eyes. The student asserts himself as a person. The student keeps this positive range of emotions in his memory, strives to experience it again and again. So there is an interest not just in the subject, but what is more valuable - in the very process of cognition - cognitive interest. The development of cognitive and creative interests of students is facilitated by various types of technologies: computer technology, problem-based and research learning technology, game learning technology, and the use of tests.

1. Computer technology

The use of a computer and multimedia technologies give positive results in explaining new material, modeling various situations, collecting the necessary information, assessing ZUN, etc., and also allow you to put into practice such teaching methods as: business games, problem-solving exercises , presentations and more. Computer technology makes it possible to have such a volume of information that teachers who rely on traditional teaching methods do not have. Multimedia training programs use animations and sound accompaniment, which, acting on several information channels of the student at once, enhance perception, facilitate the assimilation and memorization of the material. In my lessons I use various programs on CDs that help me to explain new or repeat old topics, to consolidate and systematize the knowledge gained. An example of one lesson. Topic: “Oxygen subgroup, characteristic. Obtaining oxygen. During the lesson, a multimedia projector was used, where experiments were demonstrated on the screen that cannot be demonstrated in the school laboratory. Several tables were also designed on the screen. The children were asked to analyze, compare and draw a conclusion. From the foregoing, we conclude that computer technology increases the level of education and arouses students' interest in the subject.

2. Problem-based learning technology

The technology of problem-based learning involves the creation of problem situations under the guidance of a teacher and the active independent activity of students to resolve them, as a result of which there is a creative mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities and the development of mental abilities. Problem situations in the classroom can arise in the most unexpected ways. For example, in the 8th grade, when studying the topic “Electronegativity”, a student asked the question: “Does hydrogen give electrons to lithium or vice versa?” Classmates answered that lithium gives electrons, since it has a larger atomic radius. Immediately another student asked: “What will the hydrogen turn into then?” Opinions were divided: some considered that the hydrogen atom, adding an electron, turned into a helium atom, since it had two electrons, while others disagreed with this, arguing that helium has a nuclear charge of +2, and this particle has +1. So what is this particle? A problematic situation has arisen, which can be resolved by becoming familiar with the concept of ions. The problem situation in the classroom can be created by the teacher himself. Lesson example. Topic: "Simple and complex substances." The teacher provides the student with a wide field of activity: asks problematic questions, suggests writing out simple and complex substances separately from the list of various substances, and leads the student himself, using his life experience, knowledge of previous lessons, to try to formulate the concept of simple and complex substances. The student creates knowledge for himself, so there is an interest not just in the subject, but in the very process of cognition.

3. Research learning technology

The research activity of schoolchildren is a set of actions of a search character, leading to the discovery of unknown facts, theoretical knowledge and methods of activity. In this way, students get acquainted with the main methods of research in chemistry, master the ability to independently acquire new knowledge, constantly referring to theory. Attracting basic knowledge to solve problem situations involves the formation and improvement of both general educational and special skills of students (to conduct chemical experiments, correlate observed phenomena with changes in the state of molecules, atoms, ions, conduct a thought chemical experiment, simulate the essence of processes, etc.) . Research can be carried out with the aim of obtaining new knowledge, generalization, acquiring skills, applying the acquired knowledge, studying specific substances, phenomena, processes. So, when studying the topic “Salts of nitric acid” in the 9th grade, I use elements of research work. The study includes: conducting a theoretical analysis; forecasting methods for obtaining substances and their properties; drawing up a plan for experimental verification and its implementation; formulation of the conclusion. It turns out a logical chain: theoretical analysis - forecasting - experiment. Michael Faraday said: “No science needs experiment as much as chemistry. Its basic laws, theories and conclusions are based on facts. Therefore, constant control by experience is necessary.” To systematize the knowledge gained, students fill out the table:

Salts of nitric acid

The research work of students takes more time in the lesson than the execution of tasks according to the model. However, the time spent is subsequently compensated by the fact that students quickly and correctly perform tasks, can independently study new material. In addition, the awareness and strength of their knowledge increases, and a steady interest in the subject appears.

4. Game learning technology

Intellectual and creative games (ITGs) stimulate the development of cognitive interests of students, contribute to the development of their intellectual and creative abilities, enable children to assert themselves and realize themselves in the intellectual and creative sphere through the game, help to fill the lack of communication. ITI can be used not only in extracurricular and extracurricular activities, but also in the classroom (when learning new material, repeating what has been learned, controlling students' knowledge, etc.)

The most complex and time-consuming business and role-playing games. Conducting such games allows you to achieve the following goals: to teach students to highlight the main thing in the content of educational material, to present it in a short form; develop text analysis skills, associative thinking, independence of judgment, promote self-determination of students, develop communication skills, broaden their horizons, repeat and generalize the studied material. In my practice, I systematically use game forms of organizing knowledge control and constantly notice how this increases students' interest in the material being studied and the subject as a whole, as students who have been reading so little lately suddenly start flipping through books, reference books, encyclopedias. So in the classroom, when studying topics related to ecology, for example, on the topic “Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their processing”, I use role-playing games using expert groups. The class is divided into two groups: "specialists" and "journalists". The first select material and prepare a visual aid. The second prepares questions that they should ask during the game.

To consolidate materials in grades 8 - 9, I use didactic games: “Chemical Cubes”, “Chemical Lotto”, “Tic-Tac-Toe”, “Find the Mistake”, “Chemical Battle”. Also in extracurricular activities I spend spectacular intellectual and creative games: “KVN”, “What, where, when”, “Hour of glory”.

5. Using tests in chemistry lessons

The use of tests in chemistry classes is also prominent in the process of introducing new technologies. This allows mass testing of students' knowledge. Test methodology is a universal means of testing knowledge and skills. Tests are an economical targeted and individual form of control. Systematic testing of knowledge in the form of tests contributes to a strong assimilation of the subject, cultivates a conscious attitude to learning, forms accuracy, diligence, purposefulness, activates attention, and develops the ability to analyze. During test control, equal testing conditions are provided for all students, that is, the objectivity of knowledge testing is increased. This method brings variety to academic work increases interest in the subject. Final tests in grades 8-10 are carried out in the form of a test.

Examples of application of modern chemical technologies. Traditional materials with new properties

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