Seam sample in a hem with an open cut. Closed hem
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1 with in-depth study of individual subjects
Edge seams. Hem seam with open and closed cut
5th grade
WCC technology teacher
Petrenko Elena Mikhailovna
Voronezh
Topic: Edge seams. Hem seam with open and closed cut.
Goals: Familiarize yourself with the technology of making a seam in a hem with an open
and closed cut.
To consolidate the skills and abilities of working on a sewing machine with an electric drive.
Encourage independent performance of work and quality control through introspection and concretization of this task.
To instill accuracy, attentiveness and aesthetic taste in the design.
Equipment and materials:
Hem seam samples with open and closed cut, computer
with slides of machine seams, hem seam instructions, sewing machines, scissors, needles, iron, ironing board, needles, scraps of fabric.
New words: Sweep, topstitch, iron, fold the seam.
Lesson type: Combined.
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Generalization and testing of students' knowledge on the topic of the last lesson.
Questions for students.
1. What types of seams do you know?
2. Which group of seams does a seam seam belong to?
3. What is their purpose?
4. What is the difference between a flat seam and a flat seam?
5. What determines the use of a seam in an iron or a seam in an iron?
6. What does the term "stitch", "iron", "iron", "decat" mean?
7. Draw on the board conditional image a stitched seam in an iron and a stitched seam in an iron.
8. What threads are used for basting?
9. How should light fall on the working surface of the machine?
10. Tell about the organization of the workplace.
III. Learning new material.
1. Generalization of knowledge about edge seams.
2.Scope of the seam in the hem.
3. Conditional image of a hem seam.
4. The sequence of making a seam in a hem with an open and closed cut.
5. Technical conditions for making a seam.
Induction training.
1. In the manufacture of garments, connecting seams are used. We got acquainted with one of these seams in the last lesson and this is a seam, which comes in two varieties - a seam with an iron and a seam with an iron.
2. But for the product to have a neat appearance be sure to finish the edges. And for this purpose, there are special seams that belong to the edge seams. In grade 5, we will get acquainted with the simplest, but the most demanded and necessary seam - this is a hem seam. There are two types of hemstitch - open-cut hemstitch and closed-cut hemstitch. Their purpose is to process the edge of a part or product.
Look at the samples that are on your table.
What is the difference?
On which side should the cut of the part be folded when making a hem seam?
How many times do you need to fold when making a hem seam with an open cut?
What needs to be fixed - a cut or a fold?
At what distance from the cut is the fastening performed?
The first fastening is sweeping.
What kind of work is this?
What does the term sweep mean?
Today we will get acquainted with another new term - scribble.
Topstitch - fasten the folded edge of the part with a machine stitch.
(write down)
The second sample is a hem seam with a closed cut.
Why is this seam called a closed cut? How many times do you need to fold the edge of the part?
3. Consider the samples again, and try to independently perform a conditional image of a hem seam with an open and closed cut.
4. The sequence of the seam:
Bend the edge of the part to the wrong side by 1 cm.
notice.
Sew 0.2 cm from the edge of the part.
Remove basting threads.
Iron.
Prepare samples in notebooks.
Self-control: the width of the seam is uniform along the entire length, the line is even.
IV. Consolidation.
1. Which side should be folded?
2. Threads of what color are performed handmade?
3. What are the safety rules when working on a sewing machine.
4. Questions?
V. Practical work.
1. Making a hem seam with an open cut.
2. Making a hem seam with a closed cut.
3. Making samples in a notebook.
VI. current instruction.
1 round: in order to check compliance with the TB rules.
2 bypass: in order to verify the correctness of the implementation of labor techniques.
3 rounds: for the purpose of providing personal assistance.
VII. Final briefing.
1. Summing up. Questions for students:
What stitch did you do today?
What is the purpose of a hem seam?
What is the complexity of the seam?
2. Evaluation with commenting.
3. Homework.
What a beginner seamstress needs to know.
Now it's time to get acquainted with the fourth sewing lesson, in which we will talk about machine seams.
According to their purpose, machine seams are divided into connecting, edge, decorative and finishing.
Connecting seams serve to connect parts;
Edge seams - for processing sections of parts from the wrong side;
Decorative and finishing seams - for decoration of the product.
Hem seam with closed cut
A hem seam with a closed cut is used when hemming the bottom of the product, the edges of sheets, towels, etc. The cut of the part is folded to the wrong side, first by 0.5-1 cm, then again to the width of the hem, basted and stitched at a distance of 0.1- 0.2 cm from the first fold.
Open hem seam
A hem seam with an open cut is used to process the inner cuts of the edges of the bands, facings, necks, armholes, etc. The cut is folded inside out by 0.5 cm and sewn on the wrong side at a distance of 0.2 cm from the fold.
Seam with double hemming cut
A double hemmed seam (narrow) seam is used when hemming seams when a narrow seam is needed, for example, when sewing the bottom of flared skirts, the edges of frills, flounces.
The section of the part is folded inside out by 0.3-0.5 cm and sewn at a distance of 0.1 cm from the fold, then cut to the line, folded again and sewn next to the first line.
Coquettes and other details are sewn with a stitching seam. Perform it with two lines: connecting and connecting-finishing. There are two types: with two and one open cut. In the first case, two parts are folded with the front sides inward, the cuts are trimmed and connected with a seam equal to the width of the finishing line plus 1-1.5 cm. The seam is ironed. On the front side, a finishing line is laid at the desired distance. When making a stitching seam with one closed and one open cut, the parts are folded with their right sides inward so that the cut of one part protrudes beyond the cut of the other by the width of the finishing line plus 0.5 cm, and grind at a distance of 0.5-0.7 cm from the cut top detail. The seam is ironed in the direction of a smaller cut. On the front side, a finishing line is laid.
The false seam can be with open (a) and one folded (b) sections. Do it in one line. An open seam seam is used when joining cushioning parts, such as a bead gasket. Sections of adjacent parts are superimposed one on top of the other, the line is placed between them. Seam width 0.1-1 cm.
A false seam with one folded cut is used to connect coquettes, patch pockets, etc. The cut of one part is folded, swept up, ironed and applied to the front side of the second part along the intended line.
Then they baste and adjust at a distance from the folded edge provided by the model.
Machine seams.
Connecting.
The following requirements are imposed on seams performed on a sewing machine:
Machine stitches should be even;
- the width of the seam must be even (same);
- stitches should be uniform in frequency;
- the tightness of the stitches must be the same, the interlacing of the threads must be between the layers of material;
- the lines must be solid, without breaks;
- there should be no waviness of the material along the seam line;
- the seam must be strong (in this case, the threads you use play an important role);
- place the seam allowances to the right of the needle, and place the main parts to the left.
Connecting machine seams
The seams that connect the details of the product from all types of fabrics are called connecting. The seam is made with a straight two-thread stitch. Details of the product lie on both sides of the seam.
Seams include: stitched, consignment note, tuning, butt, zaposhivochny, double seams.
Connecting seams grind off shoulder, side cuts, cuts of sleeves, in trousers they connect side, step cuts, middle cuts, etc.
Stitch seam
We fold the details with the front sides inward, equalize the cuts and sweep or chop off with pins across the chalk line;
- We grind the cuts with a straight stitch. Be sure to fasten at the beginning and at the end of the line. The width of the fabric allowance per seam is from 0.5 to 1.5-2 cm;
- Sweep the cuts. If the seam is ironed, then we overcast both sections at the same time. If the seam is flat, then we overcast each section separately;
- We remove the basting thread and perform wet-heat treatment of the seam seam with an iron (Fig. 3) or a flat iron (Fig. 2) or leave the seam on the “edge” (Fig. 0).
seam
Overhead seams can be made with an open cut or with a closed cut.
Patch seam with open cut(Fig. 4.) is carried out by superimposing slices with a 1.5-2 cm approach to each other. We lay the line parallel to the slices of the parts.
Another type of patch seam with open cut(Fig. 5.) is performed as follows:
A part with a bent and ironed edge is applied, aligning the cuts, on the front side of another part and basted;
- The machine line is laid parallel to the folded cut of the part. The seam allowances remain open. In this way, you can connect the yoke to the lower back.
Closed seam(Fig. 6) is performed as follows:
We bend the cut of one of the parts to the side of the wrong side by 1-1.5 cm and iron it;
- We impose the ironed edge of the part on another part and tack;
- We lay the machine line, retreating from the ironed edge by 0.1-1 cm, that is, depending on the model. The cut of the seam allowance of the part (a) is covered by both parts.
Stitch stitch
Top stitches can be sewn with open and with one closed cut.
Overstitch with open cuts(Fig. 7) is performed as follows:
We fold the parts with the front side inward and lay the stitching line (1) along the wrong side of the parts;
- We bend the part (a) and lay the second line (2) along the front side of the part, parallel to the folded edge. The seam allowances of both pieces are left open.
A tuning seam with one closed cut (Fig. 8) is performed as follows:
We fold the parts with the front side inward and lay a grinding line along the wrong side of the parts;
- We bend the part (a) and lay the second line along the front side, parallel to the folded edge of the part. The edge of the seam allowance of part (a) is covered by the second line.
Butt seam
Butt seam with closed sections on one side with a strip of fabric(Fig. 9) or braid is done like this:
Two parts (b and c) are applied to the lower part or braid (a), aligning the cuts of both parts end-to-end. The docking line is located in the middle of the lower part or braid (a);
- Details (b and c) are sewn onto the bottom part or braid with one zigzag stitch (1). It can be sewn with two parallel lines (1 and 2) (Fig. 10 a).
- In order for the connection to be strong, you can use two strips of fabric or braid, placing them under the joining line and above the joining line. In this case, the processed sections will be closed on both sides (Fig. 10 b).
Butt seam can be produced belt loops(Figure 10 c). It is more convenient to cut out a long strip of fabric for making loops, make one long blank of loops, and then cut the required number of loops of the desired length.
Slices of the loop detail are overcast on an overlock or with a zigzag stitch;
- We bend the sections of the loop detail to the wrong side and lay two parallel machine lines;
- We iron the loops.
In products made of cotton fabrics, loops can be made in a different way (Fig. 10 d).
We overcast one longitudinal section of the loops on the overlock;
- With a swept cut of the belt loop, we overlap the unbrushed cut and lay two machine lines. At the same time, the distance from the folded edges to the lines is 0.3 cm;
- We iron the loops.
Stitching seam
Stitching seam(Fig. 12) is mainly used for the manufacture of bed linen.
We fold the two parts with the right sides inward, release the cut of the lower part (b) by the width of the seam in the finished form of 0.6-0.7 cm and add another 0.2 cm. We go around the cut of the upper part (a) with the lower part (b) and we lay a grinding line at a distance of 0.1-0.2 cm from the cut;
- We lay out the parts in different directions, bend the seam to the side, close the smaller section, lay the second line at a distance of 0.1-0.2 cm from the folded edge.
When cutting parts, please note that the seam allowance of the upper part is equal to the width of the seam in finished form (0.6-0.7 cm). From the side of the lower part - double the width of the seam in finished form (1.2-1.4 cm) and add 0.2 - 0.3 cm.
Edge and finishing.
Edge seams
Edge seams are used to process the edges of various parts. Details in this case lie on one side of the seam (the bottom of the sleeves, the bottom of any product, frills, jabots, mold molds, frills, etc. are treated with edge seams).
Hem seam with open cut(Fig. 13) is performed as follows:
We pre-overcast the cut of the part, bend it to the wrong side by 0.5–0.7 cm and sweep it;
- We lay the machine line at a certain distance from the edge, depending on the model;
- If, according to the model, the machine (hem) line should not be visible from the front side, then we hem the seam allowance with manual blind stitches;
- We iron the seam.
Hem seam with closed cut is performed as follows (Fig. 14):
The processed section of the part is folded inside out by 0.7 - 1.0 cm, we fold;
- We iron the folded edge, without capturing the note line;
- Then we impose a folded edge on the part, by the amount of the allowance provided for by the model, and we lay a machine line or hem it manually with blind stitches;
- We remove the weaving threads;
- We iron.
Overlap seam in piping
Overlap seam in piping(Fig. 15) process cuffs, collars, valves, straps, bead edges. We form a piping from a part located on the front side of the product so that another part and a seam are not visible.
We sew the seam as follows:
We fold the two parts with the right sides inward, equalize the cuts and grind (line 1). Seam width 0.5 - 0.7 cm for light clothing, 0.3-0.4 cm for outerwear;
- Carefully cut the seam allowance in the corners, on curved sections we notch or cut the seam allowance, not reaching the turning line by 0.1-0.3 mm;
- We turn the part of the product on the front side, carefully straighten the corners;
- We straighten the edging. The size of the edge is 0.1-0.2 mm. We sweep out the edge;
- Iron the item carefully with slight moisture;
- Remove the basting threads;
- Iron the part again;
- It is possible to lay a boring stitch (2) by bending the seam allowance towards the part that will not be visible from the front side of the product;
- If a finishing line is provided, then we lay it on the front side of the part. In this case, it is not necessary to lay the stitching line. The finishing stitch can be laid at a distance of 0.1-2 cm from the edge, depending on the model.
Framed seam simple
A seam is used (Fig. 16) for processing stitched loops and welt pockets. The width of the frame is 0.3-0.5 cm. The seam is made with one line.
The part from which the frame will be made is bent in half, wrong side inward and ironed;
- We mark with chalk or soap on the front side the line for attaching the frame, we also outline the transverse lines, from the beginning to the end of which a machine line will be laid;
- We impose a facing with the front side on the front side of the main part, bast and stitch with a seam 0.5-0.7 cm wide from the edge. We fix the beginning and end of the line;
- Iron the stitching seam. Then we bend the part near the line and iron it again.
Edge seam
A piping seam with closed sections is used (Fig. 17) for processing the edges of parts in light women's and children's clothing (flounces, frills, bottoms of products).
Ready-made bias trim for edging sections can be purchased at the store.
We bend the finished oblique inlay along and iron it;
- We put the edge of the workpiece between the sides of the inlay and tack;
- We adjust the inlay with a machine line at a distance of 0.1-0.2 cm from the edge.
You can make a slanting inlay yourself.
To do this, cut out a strip of fabric 3-4 cm wide, at an angle of 45 degrees to the warp threads;
- We fold the cut strip of fabric inside out and iron it;
- We put the ironed strip on the front side of the part to which the strip will be stitched, we equalize the sections. We grind the inlay (Fig. 18 a) at a distance of 0.3-0.5 cm;
- We go around the cuts of the seam and lay another line along the front side (Fig. 18 b) at a distance of 0.1 cm from the edge;
- We iron the edging.
Finishing seams
Finishing seams are used for finishing various products. To finishing seams relate folds, embossed seams, seams with piping.
Raised seams
Embossed seams include stitching, vytachny, vystrachny with a cord, tuning relief seams.
Topstitches(Fig. 19) are performed on the front or wrong side of the part. Basically, this type of seam is sewn on folds on products. The distance from the inflection line to the line is 0.1-0.2 cm.
Drawstring seam(fig. 20) is used for finishing light women's clothing and coats. To make a seam, you need a special foot with a groove in the sole.
From the inside of the part, a strip of the main fabric is laid and the first machine line is laid from the front side along the pre-planned line;
- Insert a cord between the layers of fabric and lay the second line.
tuning difficult the seam (Fig. 24 c) is performed as follows:
On the front side of the part, we outline the seam line;
- From the inside of the part we enclose a strip of fabric. The middle of the strip should match the marked line. On the front side, along the intended line, we sew a strip of fabric (Fig. 24 a);
- We bend the part along the seam of stitching the strip with the front side inward, bend it to one side, and the stitched strip to the other side;
- On the front side of the part, we outline the stitching line;
- We lay the second line at a distance of 1-2 mm from the fold. We nullify the line at the end. In this case, a relief is formed on the front side (Fig. 24 b);
- To fix a strip of fabric, we bend it to one of the sides of the part and lay a line on the front side of the main part according to the model (Fig. 24 c).
simple folds
simple folds can be finishing, which in turn can be unilateral or bilateral.
The fabric in simple folds is bent in a straight line or with a slight bend. Simple finishing folds are made from one piece.
AT simple finishing one-sided fold the folds of the fabric are directed in one direction on the front side and in the other direction on the wrong side of the part (Fig. 25 b). The fabric allowance during cutting is equal to twice the depth of the fold. (If the finished fold is 3 cm, then the allowance is 6 cm).
On the wrong side of the part, we outline a fold with three lines:
The lateral line is the line of the outer fold of the fold;
The middle line is the line of the inner fold;
- Lay the stitching line up to the third line, which limits the length of the stitching of the fold. We fix the end of the line (Fig. 25 a);
- Ironing the folds;
- On the front side, you can lay a finishing line;
- We remove the basting thread on the unstitched section of the fold.
Can be counter, while the folds of the fabric are directed towards each other (Fig. 26).
Allowance for the depth of each counter fold is equal to the depth of one fold of the fold multiplied by 4. For example, the depth of one fold is 4 cm, then the allowance is 16 cm.
Counter folds are marked on the wrong side with three lines:
middle line,
the third line is the line limiting the end of the fold.
- We bend the part along the midline with the front side inward and sweep along the side line;
- We lay the grinding line to the third line. We fix the end of the line;
- On the stitched area, we remove the basting thread;
- We place the part face down, lay out the fold allowance on both sides of the stitching line. The middle line must be located along the stitching seam;
- On the upper cut, we fix the spread out fold across the machine stitch;
- Ironing the folds;
Simple finishing bilateral pleats can be bow(Fig. 27), when the folds of the fabric on the front side are directed in opposite directions. bow pleat represents the seamy side of the opposite fold. The allowance for the depth of each bow fold is equal to the depth of one fold of the fold multiplied by 4. For example, the depth of one fold is 5 cm, then the allowance is 20 cm.
We mark the bow folds on the front side with three lines:
middle line,
lateral line - the line of external folds,
the third line is the line limiting the end of the fold.
- We bend the part along the middle line with the wrong side inward and sweep along the side line;
- We lay the stitching line to the third line, which limits the length of the stitching of the fold. We fix the end of the line;
- In the area of grinding, we remove the basting threads;
- On the stitched area, we remove the basting thread;
- We place the part with the wrong side down, lay out the fold allowance on both sides of the stitching line. The middle line must be located along the stitching seam;
- On the upper cut, we fix the spread out fold across the machine stitch;
- Ironing the folds;
- On the front side, you can lay a finishing line, including fixing the folds in width.
Patch seam with piping(Fig. 29 b) is performed as follows:
We cut out a strip of fabric for the manufacture of piping;
- Fold in half inside out and iron;
- We put a strip folded in half on the front side of the lower part and stitch it at a distance from the fold equal to the width of the piping plus the stitching width (Fig. 29 a);
- On the upper part, iron the hem allowance on the wrong side;
- We impose the upper part face up, overlapping the edge with the ironed edge, the allowance for processing the edging, and tune it. The distance from the ironed edge to the line is set from 0.1 cm as desired (Fig. 29 b);
- Iron the seam from the wrong side.
Hem seam
A hem seam can be with an open and closed cut.
A hem seam with an open cut (Fig. 62, a) is used when processing the inner edges of the pick-ups, facings of the neck, armholes, bottom of the product and sleeves, as well as the edges of finishing parts in dresses, blouses (frills, frills, ruffles). The cut of the part is folded to the wrong side by 5. . .7 mm, fasten with a line at a distance of 1. . .3 mm from the fold on the sewing machine or at a distance of 2. . .4 mm from the fold on a special machine.
When sewing the edges of the collar, sides and bottom in products made of duplicated fabrics, the width of the seam depends on the model. When processing the bottom of the product and the bottom of the sleeves in light clothing, trimmed sections are pre-overcast on a special machine (Fig. 62, b).
The bottom of products made of non-flowing fabrics and the bottom of the sleeves are hemmed on a special blind stitch machine with preliminary overcasting of the cut (1) or without (2) this operation (Fig. 62, c).
A hem seam with a closed cut (Fig. 62, d) is used to process the bottom of dresses, blouses, shirts and sleeves in products made of silk and cotton fabrics. The cut of the part is bent to the wrong side by 7. . .10 mm, then folded a second time by the value provided by the model, and sewn on a sewing machine at a distance of 1 ... .2 mm from the edge of the hem or hemmed on a special blind stitch machine or on a machine with a zigzag stitch (Fig. 62, e). The bottom of blouses and dresses made of thin fabrics, in the absence of a special device, is processed with a narrow seam in two lines (Fig. 62, e). The hem seam can be made with a bordered cut (Fig. 62, g).
Technical requirements for making a seam elodsi-bku are given in table 12.
There are three types of edging seams: with an open cut, with closed cuts and edged with braid.
11. Technical requirements for the implementation of the turning seam (OST 17-835-80)
|
Sewing group |
Main technological Operations |
Options seam, mm |
|
Coats, suits Dresses |
Turning collars, cuffs, sides, valves, straps, belts, bottom of sleeves, etc. Same |
3. . .7 5. . .7 |
12. Technical requirements for making a hem seam (OST 17-835-80)
Edge seams are used to finish the cuts of parts and protect them from shedding.
A edging seam with an open cut (Fig. 63, a) is used when processing, for example, the bottom of skirts and trousers, and a seam with an overcast cut (Fig. 63, b) is used in the manufacture of dresses for processing necklines, armholes, edges of patch pockets and TG P.
A strip of fabric 20 wide is placed face down on the front side of the main part. .25 mm, cut along the transverse or oblique direction of the grain thread of the fabric. Slices equalize and lay a line at a distance of 3. . .4 mm from edge. Then the cuts of the seam are bent around with a strip of fabric, forming an edging * in width equal to the turning seam. The edge is fixed with a machine stitch in the seam of attaching the strip or at a distance of I mm from it.
An edging seam with a closed cut (Fig. 63, c) is performed on a machine with a special device that allows you to firmly bend around the parts of the processed strip with a hem of the cut sections of the strip inward. The seam is done in one line. In the absence of a device, the seam is performed with two lines (Fig. 63, d). The edging strip is applied to the wrong side of the main part with the front side; slices are leveled and stitched. The stitched strip is unscrewed to the front
side of the part, wrap around the seam with a strip. The cut of the strip is folded inward so that the folded edge overlaps the stitching line of the strip, and is adjusted at a distance of 1 mm from the folded edge of the strip.
Shall we continue?
Machine seams are presented high requirements . The quality and appearance of the product depends on how the machine seam is made.
Depending on the purpose, machine seams are divided into connecting(for fastening parts of the product), regional(for processing edges and cuts, as well as to protect them from shedding) and finishing.
AT connecting seams details of the product lie on both sides of the seam. For example, seams connecting sections of shelves and backs, shoulder sections, sections of sleeves, etc.
Types of connecting seams:
- stock used when joining shoulder and side cuts, bodice with a skirt, sewing sleeve cuts, as well as when sewing sleeves into armholes, attaching extensions, etc. 3.4), ironed (5.6), lined (7.8);
- tuning seams, as well as stitching, are used to connect parts of the product (mainly from thick fabric), using for stitching coquettes, other parts along different shaped lines, etc. There are: with an open cut (9), with a closed cut (10);
- overlay seams used to connect coquettes, patch pockets, etc., can be with an open cut (11), with a closed cut (12,13), with two closed cuts (14-18);
- double seam(19) used in the manufacture of blouses from transparent fabrics, any products from cotton fabrics and bed linen;
– backstitch (20) used mainly in the manufacture of underwear, men's shirts, sports and industrial clothing.
Edge seams used for processing the edges of parts and sections. Details are located on one side of the seam. For example, seams for processing the bottom of the product and sleeves, seams for processing sides, collars, etc.
Types of edge seams:
– seam used to connect such parts of the product, as a result of which the seam is turned out along the edge, and its stocks are inside, between the parts, they are in edging (1.2), in a split (3), in a simple frame (4), in a complex frame (5,6,7);
– edge seams used in the processing of cutouts for the neck, armholes, bottom of the sleeve, parts cut out of loose materials, etc., can be with an open cut (8), with a closed cut (9), etc...;
– hem seam used for hemming the bottom of the product and sleeves, in the manufacture of linen. It happens with an open cut (10), with a closed cut (11), with an edging cut, with a stitched lining, etc…
Finishing seams designed to finish parts and the product as a whole. These seams are also used to create a certain silhouette (embossed lines on the front and back, various folds, etc.).
Finishing seams include:
– embossed seams- lace (1), lace (2), lace with cord (3), tuck (4), custom;
- with piping- stitching (5), consignment note (6), turning, edging;
- folds- simple finishing (7.8), simple connecting (9), complex.
The quality of all seams depends on compliance with the following conditions: stitch width, number of stitches and distance between them, stitch frequency, tightening them in the stitch, number of threads and needles . Seam width depends on the design of the product. As you can see, there are a lot of machine seams. Some of them, you may never use, and some you will perform very often, in any case, before starting to sew a product, I recommend performing several types of seams on scraps of fabric in order to then easily use the acquired skills. I think you have received exhaustive information? In the next article - the terminology of machine work. Good luck!