Presentation of the personality of Catherine 2. Catherine II - the Great Russian Empress

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Catherine II the Great (1762-1796) Murzina M.N., teacher of history and social studies, secondary school No. G.E. Nikolaeva, Tomsk

The plan for studying the topic The palace coup of 1762. The policy of enlightened absolutism. The uprising of E.I. Pugachev. The foreign policy of Catherine II. Economics of the second half of the 18th century. The domestic policy of Catherine II after the uprising of E.I. Pugachev. The results of the reign of Catherine II.

Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst (1729-1796) Sophia grew up in a poor family and was educated at home. In 1744, the princess, along with her mother, was invited to Russia to marry Pyotr Fedorovich, who was her second cousin. In 1744, Sophia Frederick Augusta converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy and received the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna. In 1745 Catherine and Peter got married. The couple did not love each other. Ekaterina devoted herself to the study of the Russian language, culture, and was engaged in self-education.

Palace coup On June 28, 1762, Catherine, smart, stubborn, domineering, who had long deeply despised her husband, actually led a conspiracy against him. The Orlov brothers became her support (the eldest of them, Grigory, was Catherine's favorite). Peter III was arrested and kept under guard in Ropsha, where he died. Assassination of Peter III

Enlightened absolutism is the policy of achieving the “common good” in the state, carried out in the second half of the 18th century by a number of European absolute monarchs who adopted the ideas of the philosophy of the 18th century. Voltaire - French philosopher Francois Quesnay - French economist Turgot - French economist and statesman Man is the most valuable thing on earth and his freedom is more important than the interests of the state; All people are equal in their human rights, regardless of class differences; Society needs to be improved, and science, education, and lawmaking should play the most important role in this.

The tasks of the policy of enlightened absolutism of Catherine II - strengthening the autocracy by improving the management system, eliminating its most obsolete elements; expansion of the rights and privileges of the nobility; creation of conditions for the economic development of the country; dissemination of knowledge, development of European forms of culture and education. Catherine II for the preparation of the "Instruction"

Public Administration Reforms In 1763, the Senate was divided into six departments, each of which had a strictly defined range of duties and powers. In 1764, the hetmanship in Ukraine was destroyed. Ukraine finally lost its autonomy. In 1763-1764. Catherine carried out the secularization of church lands, canceled after the overthrow of Peter III. This replenished the treasury and made it possible to stop the unrest of the monastery peasants. The building of the Senate and Synod

Free Economic Society 1765 - The Free Economic Society of Russia, or the Imperial Free Economic Society is one of the oldest scientific societies in Russia, the very first public organization in the Russian Empire. VEO was founded by Grigory Orlov under the auspices of Catherine II. In fact, it stopped working in 1918, resumed in 1982.

Order of Catherine II For two years (1764-1765), the Empress worked on compiling the "Order" to the deputies, based on the famous treatise of the French thinker C. Montesquieu "On the Spirit of Laws", as well as the ideas of other major enlighteners. "The order of Her Imperial Majesty Catherine the Second, the Autocrat of All Russia, was given to the Commission on the drafting of a new code."

The Legislative Commission In 1767, Catherine convened the "Launched Commission", which was to prepare a new Code of Laws. In Russia, the Cathedral Code of 1649 still continued to operate. M. Zaitsev. Catherine's commission of 1767

The results of the work of the Legislative Commission It did not fulfill its main task, did not draw up a new Code; The activities of the Legislative Commission contributed to the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russia; Catherine II strengthened her position (the empress had no special rights to the Russian throne). Matthew Markov. Catherine's commission of 1767

The uprising of E.I. Pugachev 1773-1775

Emelyan Pugachev (1742-1775) Don Cossack Member of the Seven Years and Russian-Turkish Wars Once on the Yaik River, he decided to call himself Tsar Peter III. Gathered the Cossacks, as well as other supporters. Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Tatars began to join. Portrait of Pugachev, painted from nature with oil paints

Causes of the uprising Dissatisfaction of the Yaik Cossacks with the liquidation of their privileges. Discord grew between the rich Cossack "foreman" and the rest of the "army". Strengthening of serfdom. Difficult living and working conditions for working people, as well as bonded peasants in the factories of the Urals. E.I. Pugachev

September 1773 - March 1774 - the beginning of the uprising and military successes; April 1774 - mid-July 1774 - Pugachev's flight, return (campaign to the Urals and Kazan) and the failure of the uprising; July 1774 - early September 1775 defeat of the uprising The main stages of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev

Stage I of the uprising by E.I. Pugachev The uprising began on September 17, 1773 with a speech by a small detachment of Cossacks. Main events: the gathering of supporters, the siege of Orenburg, the battle of the tsarist army and the rebels near the Tatishchev fortress. Result: the siege of Orenburg ended in failure for the rebels. The defeat of the rebels in the battle near the Tatishchev fortress.

Stage II of E.I. Pugachev's uprising April - July 1774 Main events: the siege of Orenburg was lifted, the army of the rebels was replenished with workers and guns. The rebels also managed to take the outskirts of the city of Kazan. Result: it was not possible to occupy the Kremlin of Kazan - the tsarist troops came to the rescue.

Stage III of the uprising by E.I. Pugachev The most massive stage of the uprising Main events: July 31, 1774 - the creation of a manifesto by Pugachev on the liberation of peasants from serfdom and taxes. Pugachev approached Tsaritsyn. Result: Pugachev could not master Tsaritsyn. On September 12, 1774, he was captured and handed over to Michelson. Pugachev in a wooden cage being taken to Moscow

Reasons for the defeat Weak organization and extremely poor armament of the rebels. The lack of a clear understanding of their goals and the constructive program of the uprising. The robbery character and cruelty of the rebels, which caused widespread indignation in various sectors of society. The strength of the state mechanism, which managed to mobilize and organize the suppression of such a large-scale uprising.

The results of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev The Pugachev region forced the landlords and breeders to moderate the oppression of serfs and working people. The government and the nobility began to think about what needs to be done to avoid a new rebellion. "Execution of Pugachev on Bolotnaya Square". Drawing of an eyewitness to the execution of A. T. Bolotov

The main directions of Russian foreign policy under Catherine II

Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 The reason is the intervention of the Russian Empress Catherine II in Polish affairs, which caused discontent in Turkey. The goals of the parties: Russia - to get access to the Black Sea; Turkey - to expand its possessions in the Black Sea and the Caucasus and capture Astrakhan.

The main battles of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 1770 - Battle of Chesma 1770 - Battles at the Ryaba Mogila, on the Larga River, on the Kagul River. 1774 - battle near the village of Kozludzhi. "Allegory of the victory of Catherine II over the Turks", 1772

The results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. 1774 - Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty: Independence from the Ottoman Empire of the Crimean Khanate was proclaimed. Russia holds outposts on the Azov and Black Seas; Russia is recognized as having the right to protect and patronize Christians in the Danubian principalities; Russia receives the right to have its own fleet on the Black Sea and the right to pass through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Admiral G.A. Spiridov

Annexation of Crimea In 1777, Russian troops invaded the Crimea and ensured the election of the Russian protege Shagin Giray to the khan's throne. However, his power was unstable. In 1783, after difficult negotiations with Potemkin, Shagin Giray handed over the khanate to Russia and abdicated. For this diplomatic success, Potemkin was awarded the title of "Prince of Taurida". Prince G. Potemkin

Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 The reason is Turkey's unwillingness to put up with the loss of undivided dominance in the Black Sea. The main battles: 1787 - the defeat of the Turks at Kinburn; 1787 - the capture of Ochakov by the Russians; 1789 - victory over the Turks at Focsani; August 1789 - the victory of the Russian troops on the Rymnik River; 1790 - the capture of the Izmail fortress by Suvorov. 1791 - naval battle at Cape Kaliakria.

The results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. 1791 - Iasi peace treaty: Russia secured the entire Northern Black Sea region, including the Crimea; The lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester were transferred to Russia; In the Caucasus, the border along the Kuban River was restored. Turkey renounced claims to Georgia. Assault on Ishmael based on a field sketch. Engraving by S. Shiflyar.

Sections of the Commonwealth Participants: Russia, Prussia, Austria. Results: Lithuanian, Western Russian (modern Belarusian and Ukrainian) lands went to Russia. Indigenous Polish lands were divided between Prussia and Austria. On January 15, 1797, the last convention was signed, which approved the division of the Commonwealth, abolished Polish citizenship and completely eliminated the remnants of Polish statehood. Map of sections of the Commonwealth

Sections of the Land that went to Prussia Austria Russia 1st section (1772) Part of the lands adjacent to the Baltic Sea Galicia (Western Ukraine) Eastern regions of Belarus. 2nd section (1793) Lands with Poznań and Gdansk. Western part of Poland along the rivers Warta and Vistula Part of Belarus with Minsk and Right-Bank Ukraine. 3rd section (1795) Central part of the lands with Warsaw. Southern part of Poland. Western Belarus, Volyn, Lithuania, Courland.

Results of the foreign policy of Catherine II 1. Significant growth of the territory of Russia (Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus, the southern Baltic, the Northern Black Sea region, many new territories in the Far East and North America). 2. The population of Russia has increased from 22 million to 36 million people. 3. Russia was turning from a great European power into a world power. Suvorov A.V.

The Russian economy in the second half of the 18th century The number of manufactories increased (a significant part was located in the estates of the landlords); Agriculture developed extensively, new territories were being developed (Novorossia, the Urals, Siberia); New agricultural crops were introduced; Fairs (Makarievskaya, Irbitskaya) were major centers of domestic trade; Foreign trade expanded significantly.

The domestic policy of Catherine II after the uprising of E.I. Pugachev in 1775 was the provincial reform (the number of provinces increased to 50, the provinces were liquidated); 1775 - Zaporizhzhya Sich was liquidated; 1783 - serfdom was introduced in Ukraine; 1785 - Letters of grant to nobles and cities.

Politics of Catherine II after the French Revolution Implementation of reforms ceased; Enlightener and publisher Novikov N.I. was sent to the fortress; After the appearance of the book "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev, he was sentenced to death, later replaced by a 10-year exile in Siberia. A.N. Radishchev

The results of the reign of Catherine II Strengthening the autocracy; Strengthening the position of the nobility ("Golden Age" of the Russian nobility); The situation of the peasants and working people remained difficult; Expansion of the territory of Russia (access to the Black Sea).

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

“ Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University. I.N. Ulyanova”

Presentation on the topic:

“ Great Empress - Catherine II

Compiled by: Mylnikova I.V.

Head: Makhantsova E.V.

Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy

Ulyanovsk - 2017

Catherine II - Great Russian Empress

(1762 - 1796)

The second half of the 18th century in Russia is connected

with the name of the empress, whose reign was an entire era in the history of the country.

A wise politician and subtle diplomat, Catherine II sought to strengthen the autocracy and create favorable conditions for the spiritual and economic development of the Russian state.

The reign of Catherine II is one of the most glorious and difficult periods, which is listed in

Patriotic history "Golden Age".

Origin

The future empress was born on May 2 (April 21, old style) 1729 in Prussia in the family of the governor of the city of Stettin. She was the daughter of the Duke of Zerbsky and the Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp. Her real name is Sophia Augusta Frederic Anhalt-Zerbst.

Childhood and education

As a child, the princess was a frisky and inquisitive child with a pronounced "boyish" character. She loved to flaunt her courage in front of the boys. She did not show special abilities and talent, but she helped her mother a lot in raising her younger sister Augusta. Young Frederica's mother affectionately called Feke. Her education was at home: she knew English, French and Italian at a high level, gained knowledge about the basics of theology of geography and history. Mastered dancing and singing.

Marriage with the heir to the throne

At the age of 15, the Zerbst princess was chosen by Elizabeth I as the bride for her heir and future Emperor Peter. In this connection, in 1744, by secret invitation, she and her mother, under the name of Countess Reinbeck, went to Russia. The girl immediately began to study Russian history, language and Orthodoxy in order to more fully learn about her new homeland. Then she was baptized according to Orthodox custom and named Ekaterina Alekseevna, and the next day, August 21 (September 1), 1745, Ekaterina and Pyotr Fedorovich got married.

Palace coup 1762

The main reasons for the coup were the actions of Peter III:

! Having ascended the throne, the young emperor began to promote peace with Prussia, which was defeated by the Russian Empire in the Seven Years' War and the return of all the territories conquered from it;

! Planned to start a war with allied Denmark;

! Issued a manifesto on the secularization of church property and planned changes in church rites

In the face of subjects and the population, Peter III looked like a completely short-sighted politician. A coup was being prepared, everyone was waiting for a favorable moment.

"Romanov Peter III Fedorovich »

Supporters of the coup

Understanding the weaknesses of her husband, nee Sophia Frederica united the leaders of the military units around her. The Orlov brothers, an officer of the Izmaylovsky regiment Lanskoy, representatives of the Preobrazhensky regiment Chertkov and Passek campaigned in units in favor of Catherine. In addition, in the highest ranks, she enlisted the support of Bestuzhev and Volkonsky.

coup day

It was decided to attempt a coup at the moment when Emperor Peter Fedorovich departed with his loyal troops to the shores of Denmark. On July 9, 1762, the rumor about the arrest of Catherine alarmed everyone, the guards troops were seized by turmoil, Captain Passek was arrested.

"Catherine II on the steps of the Kazan Cathedral"

Peter's inability to make quick and correct tactical decisions, as well as initiative and determination on the other hand, played an important role. Peter signs the abdication of the throne in favor of Catherine and goes under arrest to Ropsha, where he died suddenly.

"Catherine II from the balcony of the Winter Palace greets the guards and the people"

Accession to the throne

After the abdication of her husband on October 3, 1762, Catherine was officially crowned in Moscow. Upon accession to the throne, the empress issued an official manifesto in which Peter III was accused of violating church traditions and the underworld with Prussia.

Personality and character of Catherine II

The personality and character of the empress left an imprint on her foreign and domestic policy. Catherine II was a subtle psychologist and connoisseur of people. She knew how to choose assistants, surrounded herself with talented and bright personalities. In dealing with her subjects, she is usually restrained, tactful, and patient.

Favorites of Catherine II the Great

The personal life of the Empress was unsuccessful. The indifference and infantilism of Peter III caused a large series of love affairs accompanied by scandals, and the list of her favorites is numerous.

Vasil'chakov A.S.

Orlov G.G.

Saltykov S.V.

Lanskoy A.D.

Patemkin G.A.

Rimsky - Korsakov I.N.

Dmitriev- Mamonov A.M.

Zorich S.G.

Zubov P.A.

Zavadovsky P.V.

The reign and achievement of Catherine II

Domestic politics

The implementation of a number of reforms in the field of education and the economy, as well as administrative changes during the reign of Catherine II, brought the following results and results:

! Development of education, science and healthcare; ! Growth in production and export of canvas, cast iron and grain; ! Foundation of more than 140 cities, development of the Crimea; ! Increase in the number of officials and police, bribery; ! The enslavement of the peasantry and the granting of new privileges to the nobility; ! The uprising of Pugachev E. 1773 -1775

Foreign policy - results and results

The main results of the foreign policy of Catherine II are considered to be:

! Access to the Black Sea and elimination of the threat from the Crimean Khanate; ! The return of the lost territories - the division of the Commonwealth; ! Georgia passes under the protectorate of the Russian Empire; ! Reflection of aggression from Sweden; ! The "Greek project" was not implemented.

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Catherine II

Russian Empress (1762-1796); Since 1744 - in Russia. Since 1745 the wife of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, whom she overthrew from the throne (1762), relying on the guards (G.G. and A.G. Orlovs and others). She reorganized the Senate (1763), secularized the lands (1763-64), abolished the hetmanship in Ukraine (1764). She headed the Legislative Commission of 1767-1769. During her time, the Peasant War of 1773-1775 took place. Published the Institution for the administration of the province in 1775, the Charter of the nobility in 1785 and the Charter of the cities in 1785. Under Catherine II, as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774, 1787-1791, Russia finally entrenched itself on the Black Sea, the North was annexed. Black Sea coast, Crimea, Kuban region. She took Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783). During the reign of Catherine II, sections of the Commonwealth were carried out (1772, 1793, 1795). Corresponded with Voltaire and other figures of the French Enlightenment. Author of many fiction, dramaturgical, journalistic, popular science works, "Notes".

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Origin, upbringing and education

Catherine, the daughter of Prince Christian-August of Anhalt-Zerbst, who was in the Prussian service, and Princess Johanna-Elisabeth (nee Princess of Holstein-Gottorp), was related to the royal houses of Sweden, Prussia and England. She was educated at home: she studied German and French, dance, music, the basics of history, geography, and theology. Already in childhood, her independent character, curiosity, perseverance and, at the same time, a penchant for lively, outdoor games, manifested itself. In 1744, Catherine and her mother were summoned to Russia by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine Alekseevna, and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745.

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Life in Russia before accession to the throne

Catherine set herself the goal of winning the favor of the Empress, her husband and the Russian people. However, her personal life was unsuccessful: Peter was infantile, so during the first years of marriage there was no marital relationship between them. Paying tribute to the cheerful life of the court, Catherine turned to reading French enlighteners and works on history, jurisprudence and economics. These books shaped her worldview. Catherine became a consistent supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment. She was also interested in the history, traditions and customs of Russia. In the early 1750s. Catherine started an affair with the Guards officer S. V. Saltykov, and in 1754 gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I, but the rumors that Saltykov was Paul's father are unfounded.

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In the second half of the 1750s. Catherine had an affair with the Polish diplomat S. Poniatowski (later King Stanislaw August), and in the early 1760s. with G. G. Orlov, from whom she gave birth in 1762 to a son, Alexei, who received the surname Bobrinsky. The deterioration of relations with her husband led to the fact that she began to fear for her fate if he came to power and began to recruit supporters for herself at court. The ostentatious piety of Catherine, her prudence, sincere love for Russia - all this contrasted sharply with the behavior of Peter and allowed her to gain authority both among the high-society capital society and the general population of St. Petersburg.

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Accession to the throne

During the six months of the reign of Peter III, Catherine's relationship with her husband (who openly appeared in the company of E. R. Vorontsova's mistress) continued to deteriorate, becoming clearly hostile. There was a threat of her arrest and possible deportation. Catherine carefully prepared a conspiracy, relying on the support of the Orlov brothers, N. I. Panin, K. G. Razumovsky, E. R. Dashkova and others. On the night of June 28, 1762, when the emperor was in Oranienbaum, Catherine secretly arrived in St. Petersburg and In the barracks of the Izmailovsky regiment, she was proclaimed an autocratic empress. Soldiers from other regiments soon joined the rebels. The news of Catherine's accession to the throne quickly spread throughout the city and was greeted with enthusiasm by the people of St. Petersburg. To prevent the actions of the deposed emperor, messengers were sent to the army and to Kronstadt. Meanwhile, Peter, having learned about what had happened, began to send proposals for negotiations to Catherine, which were rejected. The empress herself, at the head of the guards regiments, set out for Petersburg and on the way received Peter's written abdication from the throne.

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The nature and manner of government

Catherine II was a subtle psychologist and an excellent connoisseur of people, she skillfully selected her assistants, not being afraid of bright and talented people. That is why Catherine's time was marked by the appearance of a whole galaxy of outstanding statesmen, generals, writers, artists, and musicians. In dealing with subjects, Catherine was, as a rule, restrained, patient, tactful. She was an excellent conversationalist, able to listen carefully to everyone. By her own admission, she did not have a creative mind, but she was good at capturing any sensible thought and using it for her own purposes. During the entire reign of Catherine, there were practically no noisy resignations, none of the nobles was disgraced, exiled, let alone executed. Therefore, there was an idea of Catherine's reign as the "golden age" of the Russian nobility. At the same time, Catherine was very vain and valued her power more than anything in the world. For the sake of her preservation, she is ready to make any compromises to the detriment of her beliefs.

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Catherine was distinguished by ostentatious piety, considered herself the head and defender of the Russian Orthodox Church and skillfully used religion in her political interests. Her faith, apparently, was not too deep. In the spirit of the time, she preached religious tolerance. Under her, the persecution of the Old Believers was stopped, Catholic and Protestant churches, mosques were built, but the transition from Orthodoxy to another faith was still severely punished.

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Attitude towards religion and serfdom

Catherine was a staunch opponent of serfdom, considering it inhumane and contrary to the very nature of man. In her papers, many sharp statements on this subject have been preserved, as well as discussions about various options elimination of serfdom. However, she did not dare to do anything concrete in this area because of the well-founded fear of a noble rebellion and another coup. At the same time, Catherine was convinced of the spiritual underdevelopment of the Russian peasants and therefore was in danger of granting them freedom, believing that the life of the peasants among caring landowners was quite prosperous.

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Domestic politics

Catherine came to the throne with a well-defined political program based, on the one hand, on the ideas of the Enlightenment and, on the other, taking into account the peculiarities of the historical development of Russia. The most important principles for the implementation of this program were gradualness, consistency, and consideration of public sentiments. In the first years of her reign, Catherine carried out the reform of the Senate (1763), which made the work of this institution more efficient; carried out the secularization of church lands (1764), which significantly replenished the state treasury and eased the situation of a million peasants;

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liquidated the hetmanship in Ukraine, which corresponded to her ideas about the need to unify administration throughout the empire; invited German colonists to Russia to develop the Volga and Black Sea regions. In the same years, a number of new educational institutions were founded, including the first in Russia educational establishments for women (Smolny Institute, Catherine School). In 1767, she announced the convening of a Commission to draft a new code, consisting of elected deputies from all social groups of Russian society, with the exception of serfs.

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Catherine wrote for the Commission "Instruction", which was essentially a liberal program of her reign. Catherine's appeals, however, were not understood by the deputies of the Commission, who were arguing over petty issues. In the course of their discussions, deep contradictions were revealed between individual social groups, the low level of political culture and the frank conservatism of the majority of the members of the Commission. At the end of 1768 the Legislative Commission was dissolved. Ekaterina herself appreciated the experience of the Commission as an important lesson that introduced her to the moods of different sections of the country's population.

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After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74 and the suppression of the uprising under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev, the new stage Catherine's reforms, when the Empress herself developed the most important legislative acts. In 1775 a manifesto was issued allowing the free establishment of any industrial enterprises. In the same year, a provincial reform was carried out, which introduced a new administrative-territorial division of the country, which was preserved until the October Revolution of 1917. In 1785, Catherine issued her most important legislative acts - charters to the nobility and cities.

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A third letter was also prepared - to the state peasants, but political circumstances did not allow it to be put into effect. The main significance of the letters was associated with the implementation of the most important of the goals of Catherine's reforms - the creation in Russia of full-fledged estates of the Western European type. For the Russian nobility, a charter meant a legal consolidation of almost all the rights and privileges that they had. In the 1780s The education reform was also continued: a network of urban school institutions based on the class-lesson system was created. AT last years Catherine's life continued to develop plans for major transformations.

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In 1797, a radical reform of the central government was planned, the introduction of legislation on the succession to the throne, and the creation of the highest judicial authority based on elected representation from the three estates. However, Catherine did not have time to complete her reform program. In general, Catherine's reforms were a direct continuation of the transformations of Peter I.

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Foreign policy

Having ascended the throne, she tore up the alliance treaty concluded by Peter III with Prussia. Thanks to her efforts, Duke E. I. Biron was restored to the throne of Courland. In 1763, relying on the support of Prussia, Russia achieved the election of its protege, Stanisław August Poniatowski, to the Polish throne. This led to a cooling of relations with Austria, which, fearing an excessive strengthening of Russia, began to incite Turkey to war with the Russian Empire. The Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74 was generally successful for Russia, but the difficult domestic political situation prompted Russia to seek peace, for which it was necessary to restore relations with Austria.

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As a result, a compromise was reached, of which Poland fell victim: in 1772 Russia, Prussia and Austria carried out the first division of part of its territory. With Turkey, the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhysky peace was signed, which ensured the independence of the Crimea, which was beneficial for Russia. In the war between England and its North American colonies, Russia formally took a neutral position and Catherine refused the English king to help Great Britain with troops. At the initiative of N.I. Panin, Russia came up with a Declaration of Armed Neutrality, which was joined by a number of European states, which objectively contributed to the victory of the colonists.

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In subsequent years, the strengthening of Russian positions in the Crimea and the Caucasus took place, culminating in 1782 with the inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Empire and the signing of the Treaty of St. George in 1783 with the Kartli-Kakheti king Erekle II, which ensured the presence of Russian troops in Georgia, and subsequently its annexation to Russia. In the second half of the 1770s. formed a new foreign policy doctrine of the Russian government - the Greek project. Its main goal was to restore the Greek (Byzantine) Empire with its capital in Constantinople and the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, Catherine's grandson, as emperor.

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In 1779, Russia significantly strengthened its international prestige by participating as an intermediary between Austria and Prussia in the Teschen Congress. In 1787, Catherine, accompanied by the court, foreign diplomats, the Austrian emperor and the Polish king, made a trip to the Crimea, which became a grandiose demonstration of Russian military power. Shortly thereafter, a new war with Turkey began, with Russia acting in alliance with Austria. Almost simultaneously, the war began with Sweden (1788-90), which was trying to achieve revenge for the defeat in the Northern War. However, Russia successfully dealt with both adversaries. The war with Turkey ended in 1791. In 1792, the Treaty of Jassy was signed, which secured Russia's influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of the Crimea.

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In 1793 and 1795, the second and third partitions of Poland took place, finally putting an end to Polish statehood. Catherine initially reacted to the events in revolutionary France with a certain degree of sympathy, seeing them as the result of the unreasonable despotic policy of the French kings. However, after the execution of Louis XVI, she saw in the revolution a danger to all of Europe.

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Russo-Turkish War

Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. was generally successful for Russia, but the difficult domestic political situation prompted Russia to seek peace, for which it was necessary to restore relations with Austria. As a result, a compromise was reached, of which Poland fell victim: in 1772, Russia, Prussia and Austria carried out the first division of part of its territory. With Turkey, the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhysky peace was signed, which ensured the independence of the Crimea, which was beneficial for Russia. In the war between England and its North American colonies, Russia formally took a neutral position and Catherine refused the English king to help Great Britain with troops.

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At the initiative of N.I. Panin, Russia came up with a Declaration of Armed Neutrality, which was joined by a number of European states, which objectively contributed to the victory of the colonists. In subsequent years, there was a strengthening of Russian positions in the Crimea and the Caucasus,

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which ended in 1782 with the inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Empire and the signing in 1783 of the Treaty of St. George with the King of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II, which ensured the presence of Russian troops in Georgia, and subsequently its annexation to Russia. In the second half of the 1770s, a new foreign policy doctrine of the Russian government was formed - the Greek project. Its main goal was to restore the Greek (Byzantine) Empire with its capital in Constantinople and the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, Catherine's grandson, as emperor.

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In 1779, Russia significantly strengthened its international authority by participating as an intermediary between Austria and Prussia in the Teschen Congress. In 1787, Catherine, accompanied by the court, foreign diplomats, the Austrian emperor and the Polish king, made a trip to the Crimea, which became a grandiose demonstration of Russian military power. Shortly thereafter, a new war with Turkey began, with Russia acting in alliance with Austria. Almost simultaneously, the war began with Sweden (1788-1790), which was trying to achieve revenge for the defeat in the Northern War. However, Russia successfully dealt with both adversaries. The war with Turkey ended in 1791. In 1792, the Treaty of Jassy was signed, which secured Russia's influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of Crimea.

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Personal life

The time of Catherine II is the heyday of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Separated in the early 1770s. with G. G. Orlov, in subsequent years, the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in solving political issues. Only two of her famous lovers - G. A. Potemkin and P. V. Zavadovsky - became major statesmen.

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Catherine lived with her favorites for several years, but then parted for a variety of reasons (due to the death of a favorite, his betrayal or unworthy behavior), but none of them was disgraced. All of them were generously awarded with ranks, titles, money and serfs. All her life, Catherine was looking for a man who would be worthy of her, who would share her hobbies, views, etc. But she, apparently, did not succeed in finding such a person. However, there is an assumption that she secretly married Potemkin, with whom she maintained friendly relations until his death. All sorts of rumors about orgies at court, Catherine's tendency to nymphomania, etc., are nothing more than a baseless myth.

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Death of Catherine II

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On Wednesday, November 5, 1796, Her Majesty Empress Catherine II, Autocrat of All Russia, woke up as usual at 6 o’clock in the morning, drank coffee in perfect health and, as always, sat down to write, which she did until 9 o’clock. Half an hour later, the valet Zakhar Zotov found Her Majesty on the floor in the wardrobe, lying on her back, as a result of which he called his colleagues, Ivan Tyulpin and Ivan Chernov, to help him transfer the Empress to her bedroom. They felt it their duty to lift her up; but, devoid of feeling, she only half-opened her eyes, breathing weakly, and when she was supposed to be carried, her body was so heavy that six people were barely enough just to put her on the floor in the named room.

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However, his Eminence, Gabriel, Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, having been invited, advised to make Holy Communion, because the flow had stopped, and then proceed to the unction, which he performed in concelebration with Father Sergius, the court archpriest, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. Their Imperial Highnesses Sovereign Grand Duke Pavel, betrothed Heir to the Throne, and His August wife, Empress Grand Duchess Maria, to whom a courier was sent, arrived from Gatchina at 9 p.m. and, seeing their Mother in such a deplorable state, they prostrated before her and kissed her hands, shedding tears. Since there were no means to provide real help, Their Highnesses spent the night near Her Majesty.

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The next morning, November 6, based on the report of the doctors that there was no hope, the Sovereign Grand Duke Heir gave the order to the Chief Chamberlain Count. Bezborodka and the state prosecutor general gr. Samoilov to take the Imperial seal, sort out in the presence of Their Highnesses the Grand Dukes Alexander and Konstantin all the papers that were in the Empress's office and then, having sealed them, put them in a special place. His Highness himself proceeded to this, taking the notebook on which Her Majesty's last writing was located, and putting it, without folding it, on the tablecloth already prepared for this occasion, where they then put selected from cupboards, drawers, etc. carefully emptied, handwritten papers, which were then tied with ribbons, tied in a tablecloth and sealed by the valet Yves. Tyulpin, in the presence of the aforementioned high witnesses.

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The same measure was taken, in the presence of His Highness the Grand Duke Alexander, at His Grace Prince Platon Zubov, Feldzekhmeister General, regarding the office papers that he had: they were also placed in Her Majesty's office, the doors of which were locked, sealed, and the key was given to His Highness the Sovereign Grand Duke Heir. This order was completed at noon, and at 5 o'clock His Highness, seeing that the death of His Most August Mother was approaching, invited the Metropolitan to read the departure, which was immediately read by His Eminence. But the agony of Her Majesty, revealed by constant wheezing, raising of the stomach and a fetid dark-colored matter, from time to time flowing out of the mouth, with closed eyes, lasted thirty-six hours without the slightest interruption.

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Finally, on Thursday, November 6, at 9:45 pm, the Empress expired, 67 years, 6 months and 15 days old, plunging all those present and the whole of Russia into the deepest sorrow and sobs. As soon as the Imperial Family finished its last farewell to the glorious deceased, the noble persons present, Vice-Chancellor Count Osterman, Count Bezborodko and Count Samoilov, as well as court servants and servants, brought their humble congratulations to His Majesty the new Emperor, as well as Her Majesty the Empress on the occasion of their accession to the throne; after which the Monarch was pleased to notify the metropolitan of the death of his August Mother and order that the court church be prepared for the reception of Her Majesty. The Empress took upon herself the care of the late Empress.

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So she made the proper arrangements for the body to be washed and pre-dressed in a silk dressing gown; as soon as this was done, the body was laid on the ordinary bed of Her Majesty, placed in the middle of the bedroom and covered with a burial cover of a golden eye, trimmed with the same galloons; then the court priests, in turn with the parish priests, began to read the holy gospels. To the body were put on duty: His Majesty's adjutant, two ladies-in-waiting, two chamberlains, two chamber junkers, two valets, two maids, one physician, two chamber pages and 6 pages.

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On Saturday, November 8th, the body was embalmed. The embalming continued from 8 o'clock in the morning until noon; at the same time, the cause of her death was recognized as a blow to the head, because the blood poured onto the brain from two sides: on the one hand, black, thick and curdled in the form of a liver, and on the other, liquid, flowing out of a ruptured vein. They also found two stones in the bile, which spilled over the whole heart. When the autopsy was completed, the body was dressed again as before, and Their Majesties came to bow to him. Thus ended the life of this great woman.

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Catherine composed the following epitaph for her future tombstone

Catherine II is buried here. She arrived in Russia in 1744 to marry Peter III. At fourteen, she made a threefold decision: to please her husband, Elizabeth, and the people. She did not miss anything in order to achieve success in this respect. Eighteen years of boredom and loneliness led her to read many books. Having ascended the Russian throne, she made every effort to give her subjects happiness, freedom and material well-being. She forgave easily and hated no one. She was indulgent, loved life, had a cheerful disposition, was a true republican in her convictions and had a good heart. She had friends. The job was easy for her. She enjoyed secular entertainment and the arts.

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Catherine the Great - nee Sophia Frederick Augusta, a German princess from the provincial Anhalt-Zerbst principality, who by the will of fate ascended the Russian throne and for almost thirty-five years (1762-1796) autocratically ruled the great Empire.

Catherine came to power during a palace coup that overthrew her unpopular husband, Peter III, from the throne.
Catherine had two sons: Pavel Petrovich (1754) and Alexei Bobrinsky (1762 - son of Grigory Orlov), as well as a daughter Anna Petrovna (1757-1759, possibly from the future King of Poland Stanislav Poniatovsky) who died in infancy.
Her era was marked by the maximum enslavement of the peasants and the comprehensive expansion of the privileges of the nobility.
The borders of the Russian Empire were significantly moved to the west (partitions of the Commonwealth) and to the south (annexation of Novorossiya).

Catherine - Enlightened.

The era of Catherine II is often called enlightened. She did a lot for the development of culture in Russia. She opened universities. Girls could equally study in lyceums. The Institute of Noble Maidens (Smolny Institute) was opened. The Empress made a big bias towards education.

She invited various cultural figures.

Catherine II did a lot for Russia:
She reformed the Senate. (It was divided into 6 departments, headed by chief prosecutors, headed by the prosecutor general. Each department had certain powers. The general powers of the Senate were reduced, in particular, it lost the legislative initiative and became the body controlling the activities of the state apparatus and the highest judicial The center of legislative activity moved directly to Catherine and her office with secretaries of state.

Fixed commission. (The commission that was convened to develop a new code. Composition - deputies of all estates, all empires, had to gather in Moscow and bring with them orders from their constituents (not included in the composition, serfs and clergy). A total of 564 were elected deputy (30% - nobles; 39% - city dwellers; 14% - rural inhabitants; 5% - officials; 12% - other estates. Especially for them, the Empress created the "Instruction". The longer the commission met, the clearer it was that no agreement they can reach.Each pursued his own goals.

The deputies presented the Empress with honorary titles: Great, Wise, Mother of the Fatherland. But Catherine did not like this, and she wrote that “I ordered them to review the laws, and they do the anatomy of my qualities. The wise one is God. Great - posterity will judge about that ?!
She only accepted the title "Mother of the Fatherland".

Provincial reform. - Under Catherine, the territory of the empire was divided into provinces. “Institution for the management of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire” was adopted on November 7, 1775. Instead of a three-tier administrative division - province, province, county, a two-tier structure began to operate - governorship, county (which was based on the principle of a healthy population). Of the former 23 provinces, 53 governorships were formed, each of which was home to 350-400 thousand male souls. The governorships were divided into 10-12 counties, each with 20-30 thousand male souls. The governor-general ruled over several governorships, headed by governors (governors), herald-fiscals and refatgei. The Treasury Chamber, headed by the Vice-Governor, with the support of the Accounts Chamber, was engaged in finance in the governorships. Land management was carried out by the provincial surveyor at the head of the excavator. The executive body of the viceroy (governor) was the provincial government.

Provincial reform - the Chamber of Criminal and Civil judged all classes, were the highest judicial bodies in the provinces. Captain police officer - stood at the head of the county, leader of the nobility, elected by him for three years. A conscientious court is called upon to stop strife and reconcile those who argue and quarrel. This court was without class. The Senate becomes the highest judicial body in the country.

Already existing rights were confirmed.
the nobility was exempted from quartering military units and commands
from corporal punishment
the nobility received ownership of the bowels of the earth
the right to have their own estate institutions
the name of the 1st estate changed: not “nobility”, but “noble nobility”.
it was forbidden to confiscate the estates of nobles for criminal offenses; estates were to be passed on to legitimate heirs.
nobles have the exclusive right to own land, but the Charter does not say a word about the monopoly right to have serfs.
Ukrainian foremen were equalized in rights with Russian nobles.
a nobleman who did not have an officer's rank was deprived of the right to vote.
only nobles whose income from estates exceeds 100 rubles could hold elected positions.

the right of the top merchants not to pay the poll tax was confirmed.
replacement of recruitment duty with a cash contribution.

The division of the urban population into 6 categories:
“Real city dwellers” - homeowners (“Real city dwellers are those who have a house or other building or place or land in this city”)
merchants of all three guilds (the lowest amount of capital for merchants of the 3rd guild is 1000 rubles)
artisans registered in workshops.
foreign and out-of-town merchants.
eminent citizens - merchants with a capital of over 50 thousand rubles, rich bankers (at least 100 thousand rubles), as well as urban intelligentsia: architects, painters, composers, scientists.
townspeople who "feed on craft, needlework and work" (having no real estate in the city).

In 1773-1775 there was a peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. It covered the lands of the Yaik army, the Orenburg province, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria, part of Western Siberia, the Middle and Lower Volga regions. During the uprising, the Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous serfs from all provinces where hostilities unfolded joined the Cossacks.
17 Sept. 1773 the uprising begins. Near the Yaitsky town, government detachments, marching to suppress the rebellion, go over to the side of 200 Cossacks. Without taking the town, the rebels go to Orenburg.

Oct 5 - March 22, 1773-1774 - standing under the walls of Orenburg.

March - July 1774 - the rebels seize the factories of the Urals and Bashkiria. Under the Trinity fortress, the rebels are defeated. Kazan is captured on July 12. On July 17 they were again defeated and retreated to the right bank of the Volga.

12 Sept. 1774 Pugachev was captured (he was handed over by his own people).

In 1772, the First Partition of the Commonwealth took place. Austria received all of Galicia with districts, Prussia - West Prussia (Pomorye), Russia - the eastern part of Belarus to Minsk (provinces of Vitebsk and Mogilev) and part of the Latvian lands that were previously part of Livonia.
In 1793, the Second Partition of the Commonwealth took place, approved by the Grodno Seim. Prussia received Gdansk, Torun, Poznan (part of the land along the rivers Warta and Vistula), Russia - Central Belarus with Minsk and New Russia (part of the territory of modern Ukraine). In 1795, the Third Partition of the Commonwealth took place. Austria received Southern Poland with Luban and Krakow, Prussia - Central Poland with Warsaw, Russia - Lithuania, Courland, Volyn and Western Belarus.

October 13, 1795 - a conference of three powers on the fall of the Polish state, it lost statehood and sovereignty.

The war began in 1768 and ended in 1774.
And it all started with the fact that Russia did not want to withdraw its troops from the territory of Poland.
Russian troops, on land and at sea, were victorious. Distinguished: P.A. Rumyantsev; A.G. Orlov; G.A. Spiridov.
On July 26, 1770, the Turks took refuge in the Chesme Bay, where they were defeated by Russian troops.
Russia forced Turkey to sign the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi Treaty, as a result of which the Crimean Khanate formally gained independence, but became de facto dependent on Russia. Turkey paid Russia military indemnities in the order of 4.5 million rubles, and also ceded the northern coast of the Black Sea, along with two important ports

Second Russo-Turkish War (1787-1791)

The reason for the war was Russia's refusal to recognize the supreme power of the Ottoman Empire over all of Georgia, and the return of Crimea to Turkey.

Here, too, the Russians won a number of important victories, both on land - the Kinburn battle, the Battle of Rymnik, the capture of Ochakov, the capture of Izmail, the battle of Focsani, the Turkish campaigns against Bendery and Ackerman, etc., and the sea ones - the battle of Fidonisi (1788), Battle of Kerch (1790), Battle of Cape Tendra (1790) and Battle of Kaliakria (1791). As a result, the Ottoman Empire in 1791 was forced to sign the Iasi Peace Treaty, which secured the Crimea and Ochakov for Russia, and also pushed the border between the two empires to the Dniester.

Russia has risen to a high level. She conquered new lands and expanded her territories. Got access to the seas. She proved that she is still the same Great Power.

Culturally, Russia finally entered the ranks of the great European powers, which was greatly facilitated by the empress herself, who was fond of literary activity, collected masterpieces of painting and was in correspondence with the French enlighteners. In general, Catherine's policy and her reforms fit into the mainstream of enlightened absolutism of the 18th century.

Photo of Catherine II (1 slide) - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_(1763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery).jpg
Information about the life of Catherine (1 slide) -https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%EA%E0%F2%E5%F0%E8%ED%E0_II
It was also based on the series "The Romanovs" in 2013.