Population agriculture mexico presentation. Presentation on the topic "Mexico"
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Legends about the origin of Teotihuacan 1. When darkness still reigned, when there was still no day, when there was still no light, there, in Teotihuacan, the gods gathered and spoke among themselves: “Which of you will take the trouble to have daylight.” And the gods created the moon and the sun, but they did not move. The gods began to confer: “How are we going to live? We must give the Sun power by sacrificing ourselves. Which of us will take over, who will make sure that there is a day, that there is light. Let's all die!" And then there, in Teotihuacan, the hour of death of the gods came. "And here (in Teotihuacan) a divine fire blazed, burning for four whole years." Tecuxistecatl and Nanahuatzin had to throw themselves into the fire to turn into gods. Nanahuatzin sacrificed himself and threw himself into the fire, and the arrogant Tecuxistecatl got scared and threw himself into the ashes. Therefore, Nanahuatzin became the god of the Sun, and Tecuxistecatl was reborn and became the Moon, a luminary with a faded light. It was at this moment that Quetzalcoatl appeared - the "Feathered Serpent", who took the form of a white bearded man. He gave a calendar according to which exact date end of the Fifth Sun, December 23, 2012, taught people how to use fire for cooking. He built houses, taught men and women to live as husband and wife. The Feathered Serpent created laws, opened medicine and corn to people, getting it from the Mountain of Supply.
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And the heyday of Teotikuan 350-450 years. AD and the emergence of the city itself occurred in the era of Teotihuacan I (200 BC - 0). The axis of the city - "Street of the Dead" runs from north to south (170 from the modern north) - paved like other streets with lime mortar, hard as stone. She and the main buildings, the pyramids of the Sun and the Moon, appeared at the end of this period and the beginning of the next (200 BC -200 AD). In the south - the Citadel - a platform surrounded by small pyramids. Here is the temple of Quetzalcoatl and the northern and southern palaces, which served both for administrative purposes and for housing. And the heyday of Teotikuan 350-450 years. AD and the emergence of the city itself occurred in the era of Teotihuacan I (200 BC - 0). The axis of the city - "Street of the Dead" runs from north to south (170 from the modern north) - paved like other streets with lime mortar, hard as stone. She and the main buildings, the pyramids of the Sun and the Moon, appeared at the end of this period and the beginning of the next (200 BC -200 AD). In the south - the Citadel - a platform surrounded by small pyramids. Here is the temple of Quetzalcoatl and the northern and southern palaces, which served both for administrative purposes and for housing. There are more buildings along the road: the Temple of Agriculture, the square with columns, the Viking Group, etc. And to the south of the pyramid of the moon is the temple of Quetzalpapalotl with carvings on the columns - a butterfly-bird. Famous frescoes in the palace of the jaguar Not far from the Pyramid of the Sun, the ancient Temple of Feathered Shells The walls of the buildings of Teotihuacan were painted. The palaces located around the city are decorated with wall paintings. Atetelko with two patios. Courtyard with excellent frescoes of figures of priests, coyotes and bird heads. In the White Courtyard, the older of the two, murals depict jaguars and coyotes with feathered heads, as well as Tlaloc. Tetitla ("Place with stones"), 1.5 km from the Pyramid of the Sun - with orange jaguars, geometric patterns, water gods and quetzals and symbolic images of hands. Tepantitla with the famous frescoes of Paradise of Tlaloc, a procession of priests praising the god of rain, and with the other world of Tlaloc, where the drowned went - it was a place of eternal joy, eternal games and songs.
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Description of the slide:the Temple of the Mythological Animals, in which the remains of animal frescoes were found, and the Temple of Agriculture, whose frescoes depict plants. The tunnel leads to the site of probably the oldest building in Teotihuacan. Known as the Foundation of the Caracoles (Winged or Feathered Snails), it lies below the Quetzal Butterfly Palace and not far from the Pyramid of the Sun. The best-preserved façade, which once belonged to the temple, is decorated with superb relief: snails, colorfully feathered green birds and four-leafed flowers. Continuing along the "Street of the Dead" in the direction of the Pyramid of the Moon, after about 400 meters on the left you can see the so-called Additional Buildings. Once they included a vestibule with six columns, a large courtyard with stairs, a small temple, galleries and other rooms for various purposes. There are still remains of frescoes on some of the walls. A little further north of the Additional Buildings is the Viking Group, named after the American Foundation. In this area with two courtyards, two mica slabs were found, each 6 cm thick.
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Fresco evidence indicates that the Teotihuacans were huge warriors, their goal was not to conquer territory, but to capture captives for sacrifice. So they tried to prevent the end of the world. According to the mythology of most of the ancient peoples of Central America, the world has experienced four cycles or "suns". They lived under the fifth sun, which was coming to an end. Thus, the inhabitants of the city at any moment expected the end of the world, which would be destroyed by earthquakes. Thousands of captives were sacrificed to delay the catastrophe. They also made sacrifices for the dedication of the new building. In the Pyramid of the Sun, skeletons of children were found in the corner of each step. Discovered under the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, three burial pits were filled with skeletons. It seems that the first deity in Teotihuacan was a woman, "Spider Woman". Descriptions of another female deity, the Water Goddess, have survived. According to archaeoastronomer John B. Carlson, the cult of the planet Venus, which determined wars and human casualties elsewhere in Mesoamerica, was also prevalent in Teotihuacan. Ceremonial rituals were calculated with the appearance of Venus in the morning and evening sky. The symbol of Venus in Teotihuacan is a star or half star with a full or semicircle. Other important deities of Teotihuacan are the rain god (called Tlaloc by the Aztecs), Quetzalcoatl (the Winged Serpent), the sun god and moon goddess, Hipe Totec (the god associated with the rebirth of nature). Altars to the old god of fire and Spider Woman have been found.
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MOBU "Verkhnevyazovsky secondary school"
The work was done by a student of the 11th grade,
Kurdyumova Daria.
- Mexico (United Mexican States) - a state in North America The total area of Mexico is 1,972,550 km², including about 6 thousand km² of islands in the Pacific Ocean (including the island of Guadalupe and the Revilla-Hihedo archipelago), the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of California . In terms of area, Mexico ranks 13th in the world.
- Mexico is divided into 31 states and one federal district.
- Mexico, like most other Latin American countries, is a presidential republic. Executive power is exercised by the President - Enrique Peña Nieto.
- Population - 121,005,815 people (11th in the world).
- The average life expectancy is 73 years for men, 79 years for women.
- Mexico is an industrial-agrarian country, one of the most economically developed in America. Oil, natural gas (one of the leading places in America), iron ore, sulfur, ores of antimony, mercury and graphite are extracted.
- Mexico is one of the world's leading producers and exporters of fluorspar. In the manufacturing industry, the most developed are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, cotton, and food and flavor industries.
- Oil refining is underdeveloped, being one of the world's largest oil exporters, Mexico imports oil products.
- The oil industry is the leading sector of the Mexican economy and the most important factor in the internal political struggle.
- Economically active population -45.2 million
- Unemployment rate: 5.2%
- Main industries: manufacturing, oil, mining, trade.
- The Mexican peso is the currency of Mexico.
- Agriculture is dominated by crop production - corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruits, tomatoes. Developed logging.
- One of the most stunning places in Mexico is called Chichen Itza, which is listed as a UNESCO heritage. It is here that El Castillo is located - the great building of the Mayan civilization.
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1. General information about the country
2. Political and economic-geographical position of the country
3. Natural conditions and resources
4. General characteristics of the population
5. Branches of international specialization of the economy and their main regions and centers
6. Problems and prospects for the development of the country
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General information about the country
- Area: 1.97 million sq. km
- Population: 107 million people
- Capital: Mexico City
- Language: Spanish
- Currency: Mexican Peso
- Time: 8 hours behind Kyiv
- Average temperature: +22°C in winter, +28°C in summer
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Political and economic-geographical position of the country
Mexico (Spanish: México [ˈmexiko]), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a state in North America, bordering the United States in the north, Belize and Guatemala in the southeast, and is washed by the waters of the Gulf of California in the west and the Pacific Ocean, in the east - the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
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The Mexican peso (MXP) is equal to 100 centavos. In circulation there are banknotes 1000, 500, 200, 100,
50, 20 and 10 pesos and coins of 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1 pesos, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centavos. 1 UAH = 2 MXP
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Climate
In the north, the climate is subtropical, in other areas - tropical. The coastal plains are humid and hot. In the Acapulco region during the year around + 30 ° С during the day, + 21 + 24 ° С at night. It is cooler on the coast of the Caribbean Sea: in winter + 24 ° C during the day and + 19 ° C at night, in summer + 31 ° C during the day and + 25 ° C at night. In the central elevated areas, maximum temperatures are observed in April and May: +27°C during the day and +11+13°C at night; in winter +21°C during the day and +7°C at night. At altitudes in the northern part of the country, temperatures can drop below 0°C in winter. The rainy season lasts from May to October, at which time powerful tropical cyclones often occur. Annual precipitation in the north is 250 mm, in the south - 1500 mm.
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relief
Mexico is crossed from north to south by two mountain ranges: the Sierra Madre East and the Sierra Madre West, which are an extension of the Rocky Mountains of North America. From east to west, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, also known as the Sierra Nevada, runs through the center of the country. The fourth mountain range, the Sierra Madre South, is located between the states of Michoacán and Oaxaca. Thus, most of central Mexico and the northern territories are located at high altitudes. The highest mountains are in the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt: Orizaba peak (5700 m), Popocatepetl (5462 m), Iztaccíhuatl (5286 m) and Nevado de Toluca (4577 m). Three large urban agglomerations are located in the valleys between these four heights: Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico City and Puebla de Zaragoza.
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population
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- The population is 112.5 million people (July 2010 estimate, 11th in the world).
- Self-name - Mexicans (Spanish mexicanos).
- Annual increase - 1.1% (emigration rate - 0.4%, fertility - 2.3 births per woman).
- The average life expectancy is 73 years for men, 79 years for women.
- Age composition - 0-14 years old: 28.7%, 15-64 years old: 64.9%, 65 years and older: 6.4% (for 2010).
- Ethno-racial composition: mestizos - 60%, Indians - 30%, whites - 9%, others - 1%.
- Religions - Catholics 76.5%, Protestants 4.9% (including Pentecostals from the Assemblies of God 1.4%), atheists 3.1%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.1% (1.91% in 2011), undecided 13.8%, other religions 0.3% (according to the 2000 census).
- Several thousand Mexicans are Orthodox Christians under the jurisdiction of the Orthodox Church in America.
- Languages - 92.7% of the population speak only Spanish, 5.7% speak Spanish and some Indian language, 0.8% know only the language of local Indians (2005 estimate).
- Literacy - 92% male, 89% female, overall literacy 91% (est. 2004).
- Urban population - 77% (in 2008).
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Culture and traditions
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Mexico has a reputation for being an energetic and festive country. About every month there
some national event or fiesta takes place, followed by a local saint's day or a city festival. The brightest event in the cultural calendar is the Carnival, held in late February or early March (one week before the Day of Repentance). It is especially fun in Mazatlán, Veracruz and La Paz. The youth's favorite holiday is the spooky Dia de Los Muertos, which is celebrated after All Saints' Day - November 2nd. A few weeks before the holiday, all the markets are overflowing with skull-shaped candies and papier-mâché skeletons. December 12 is the day of Saint Guadeloupe - the main religious face of the country.
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Kitchen
The national cuisine is based on a huge selection of local products: corn, avocados, beans, zucchini, sweet and regular potatoes, tomatoes, cacti, chili peppers, pumpkin, poultry, vanillin, peanuts (and its butter), cocoa, as well as many types of fish. The main component of many dishes is corn - fried and boiled, in the form of flour and as a drink, with mayonnaise or grated cheese, with meat and ground pepper. The most common charcoal-baked corn tortilla stuffed with "taco", meat in cornmeal "posoles", a mixture of toasted cornmeal with cocoa "pinoles", cornmeal tortilla "tortilla", steamed "tamales" - pieces of corn dough with sauce, nachos, etc. Hot chili peppers - business card Mexican cuisine, there are more than 80 varieties of it. Hundreds of types of sauces are made from pepper, it is stuffed, added to vegetable salads, meat and fish dishes. Before the arrival of Europeans, the Indians created many original recipes from local game (boiled snake, iguana with corn porridge, baked snake, etc.).
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economy
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Mexico is an industrial-agrarian country, one of the most economically developed in Latin
America. Oil, natural gas (one of the leading places in Latin America), iron ore, sulfur, ores of antimony, mercury and graphite are extracted. Mexico is one of the world's leading producers and exporters of fluorspar. In the manufacturing industry, the most developed are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, cotton, food and flavor industries. Oil refining is underdeveloped, being one of the world's largest oil exporters, Mexico imports oil products.
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Agriculture is dominated by crop production - corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans,
cotton, coffee, fruits, tomatoes; cows and poultry are bred. Logging, fishing, shrimp fishing.
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Landmarks of Mexico
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Mayan pyramids
There are a lot of Mayan pyramids in the country; they are true ancient monuments in Mexico. Many of them are buried under a layer of earth, covered with dense tropical vegetation and are just green hills. Most pyramids are multi-layer structures. The oldest pyramid is located inside, and above it there are several later superstructures and claddings. The oldest pyramidal structures were discovered in the capital of the Toltecs - Tula, they are surrounded by strange multi-ton stone heads of mysterious creatures.
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Pyramid in Cholula
The pyramid in Cholula is the largest in the world: in volume it exceeded the pyramid of Cheops (now most of the pyramid is destroyed). A giant 8-kilometer tunnel allows you to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the masonry of colossal ancient structures, and the church located at the top of the pyramid gives a special "charm" to this unique area. Another impressive group of pyramids - Mitle and Monte Alban - is located near the city of Oaxaca, and the oldest pyramidal structures in the Toltec capital of Tula are surrounded by strange multi-ton stone heads of mysterious creatures. Places such as Chichen Itza, Palenque, Tahin, Tikal, Xcaret, Shel-Ha, Mayapan, Mitla and Uxmal are simply priceless monuments of ancient civilizations.
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Shel-Ha
Shel-Ha National Park is a natural aquarium in a mountain cave, fed partly by sea, partly by fresh water from underground rivers. Surprisingly clean and transparent water allows you to see exotic fish of unusual colors, and lush vegetation amazes with a range of shades.
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Flag
Flag of Mexico
is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 4:7, consisting of three equal vertical stripes - green, white and red. In the center of the white stripe is an image of the coat of arms of Mexico. The green color of the flag signifies hope, as well as the abundance of Mexico's good soil. White symbolizes purity, red - the blood shed for the independence of the country. The flag was adopted on September 16, 1968. February 24 is Flag Day in Mexico.
Coat of arms
Coat of arms of Mexico -
an important symbol of Mexican politics and culture for centuries.
The coat of arms depicts a Mexican golden eagle perched on a cactus, devouring a snake. Among the Aztecs, images had deep religious connotations, but for Europeans, this is only a symbol of the triumph of good over evil.
City of Mexico - |
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federal |
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county and capital of Mexico, |
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political, economic, |
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industrial and cultural |
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center of the state. 3rd in |
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population agglomeration after |
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Tokyo and Seoul; according to the report |
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The United Nations resides on its territory |
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19.72 million inhabitants. |
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Named after an Aztec god |
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Mekhitli wars. |
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Population |
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8,851,080 people (2010) |
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5 873 people/km² |
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Territory
country in North America bordering the United States to the north in the southeast - with Belize and Guatemala, in the west it is washed by the waters of the Gulf of California and the Pacific Ocean, in the east - by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
Mexico is the third largest country in Latin America after Brazil and Argentina. And 13th in the world
Mexico is the northernmost of the Latin American countries and the most populous of the Spanish-speaking countries.
Total 1,972,550 km²
% water surface 2,5
Population
Population - 112.5 million people (estimated as of July 2010, 11th in the world).
Self-designation - Mexicans
Annual growth - 1.1% (emigration rate - 0.4%, birth rate - 2.3 births per woman).
The average life expectancy is 73 years for men, 79 years for women.
Age composition - 0-14 years old: 28.7%, 15-64 years old: 64.9%, 65 years and older: 6.4% (as of 2010).
Ethno-racial composition: mestizos - 60%, Indians - 30%, whites - 9%, others - 1%.
The area of Mexico is 1,964.4 thousand km 2. The capital of Mexico: Mexico City. federal state. Population 120.3 million (July 2014 estimate, 11th in the world). Ethno-racial composition: mestizos 60%, Indians 30%, whites 9%, other 1%. The official language is Spanish. Currency - Mexican Peso. Head of State: President. Enrique Peña Nieto
Mexico is one of the largest countries in Latin America. Its territory is equal to 1958.2 thousand square kilometers. In terms of territory, among the countries of the Western Hemisphere, Mexico ranks fifth. Mexico is the northernmost of the Latin American countries and the most populous of the Spanish-speaking countries. The country is washed by the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In the north, the country borders on the United States, in the southeast - on Belize and Guatemala.
The indigenous population of Mexico has long mined gold, silver, lead and tin ores, cinnabar and oxpy. To date, deposits of many minerals have been explored in the country: bismuth, graphite, fluorite, reserves of ores of mercury, zinc and lead, copper, iron and gold have been found. In addition, more than 300 oil fields and about 200 gas fields have been found in Mexico. These are mainly small deposits, they are concentrated mainly in the Gulf of Mexico. The country has quite significant reserves of copper ores. The largest deposits are Cananea, La Caridad, etc. These deposits also contain molybdenum. bismuth gold tin ore fluorite
The official language is Spanish, although English is widely spoken. The inhabitants of Mexico profess Catholicism and Protestantism. Mexicans live to an average of 74 years. The population of Mexico is over 118 million people. For many millennia, Indian tribes lived on the territory of modern Mexico, who knew how to build cities and dams, process metal, build temples and pyramids.
Mexico has no official religion, and the 1917 Constitution and anti-clerical laws placed restrictions on the church and sometimes codified government intervention in church affairs. The government does not provide financial contributions to the church, and the church is not involved in public education.
The extraction of oil and natural gas has a significant share in exports and is the backbone of the Mexican economy. It was "black gold" that gave impetus to the development of the petrochemical industry. Favorable natural conditions for the development of Mexico's industry made it one of the leaders in the mining industry, which, in turn, provided a sufficient raw material base for metallurgy and engineering. Pemex drilling platform PEMEX in the Gulf of Mexico
The traditional light industry also makes a significant contribution. Almost the entire industry is tied to the processing of natural resources and the primary processing of agricultural products. A quarter of the manufacturing industry is in food production, chemical industry also occupies a fourth of the total, metallurgy and engineering have a third of the total market, while light and timber industry only a tenth. Maciladores in Mexico. Textile shop in the state of Coahuila
There are 3 main mining areas. In the north, the Gulf Coast and in the west-central regions. The development of minerals in its main part belongs to the state. This is the main part of the budget revenue. Silver mining has made Mexico a leader in the industry. Among the industrially mined are antimony, sulfur, mercury, gold, cadmium, bismuth, tin, copper, tungsten. The mined ores are of high quality composition. The country also has significant reserves of silver, iron and uranium. In terms of manganese ore reserves, Mexico is also among the leaders in the region. collapse copper ore. Mexico
The extraction and processing of significant reserves of oil and gas gave a noticeable growth to the Mexican economy. The state company PEMEX controlled almost all production. However, the need for additional investment allowed other companies to participate in the division of this pie. This gave rise not only to the development of new deposits, but also to the modernization of oil refineries and chemical enterprises. In total, the petrochemical industry currently includes fifteen industries. And in addition to the production of various types of fuel, competitive are pharmaceutical industry and the production of plastics. Pemex petrochemical plant in Mexico
As noted earlier, the mined iron ores are of high quality composition. Metallurgical industry fully meets the needs of local mechanical engineering in metal, so almost half of the products of ferrous metallurgy are exported. Non-ferrous metallurgy also occupies a leading position, especially given the volume of extraction of rare earth metals. Steel mill in Mexico
Mechanical engineering in Mexico is represented by automotive, machine tool, agricultural machinery and railroad cars. But most of the products are exported to the United States. The automotive industry plays a leading role and is represented not only by large corporations General Motors, FORD, Chrysler, VW, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, BMW, Mercedes Benz, etc., but also by a small share of domestic manufacturers, among which Mastrettadesign is worth noting. This Mexican company developed the Mastretta MXT supercar. Assembly of cars on clusters in Mexico
The Mexican aerospace industry assembles foreign airliners and manufactures control systems. Own enterprises are mastering the production of a helicopter and a commercial jet aircraft. The Mexican company Aeromarmi is engaged in the production of light propeller aircraft, Hydra Technology produces unmanned aerial vehicles. A Mexican television satellite flies in space orbit. Aerospace industry in Mexico
Mexico Export ($110 billion) Oil, natural gas. Agricultural products: coffee, citrus fruits, corn, meat. Import (110 billion dollars) Industrial products. Cars and equipment. Food. Investments. USA (77%), Japan (4%), Germany (4%), Canada (2%) USA (85%), Japan, Canada, Germany (2%)
The most common way to travel between cities is by bus. In all tourist areas there are fixed-route taxis - "songs about". Payment depends on the duration of the trip. Mexico City has 9 subway lines covering the main areas of the city, as well as the airport and train station. Air transport Mexico has a modern and extensive network of domestic air transportation. Railway transport Mexico is very underdeveloped. After the privatization of national railways, which took place in the late 90s of the last century, passenger traffic almost ceased to exist due to unprofitability.
Agriculture in Mexico. In most of Mexico, natural conditions are not favorable for agriculture. About 40% of the territory is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts, the same amount is mountains and forests. The leading branch of agriculture is crop production. The main crops are maize, wheat, beans. Corn and beans are grown everywhere. Wheat crops are concentrated in the north of the country. Grow sugar cane, tropical fruits, coffee. These crops are of export importance and are intended primarily for the US market. Animal husbandry is represented mainly by the breeding of beef cattle. Fishing has developed in coastal areas.
(Spanish “cabo” means cape) a natural arch located in the rock near the Mexican city of the same name. This is one of the most popular seaside resorts in Mexico. The arch, created in the rock by waves and wind, is the main attraction for tourists who come to a small quiet town, and is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Opera House, located in the center of the Mexican capital. This is the largest building in the world, built with one of the most valuable types of marble - Carrara. The palace, distinguished by its amazing opulence of decor, made in the Beaux Arts and Art Deco styles, is considered the most popular architectural landmark of Mexico City.
The Popocatepetl Volcano is the second Central American peak after Orizaba. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and has had over 20 powerful eruptions since the Spanish arrived in Mexico. The last major eruption occurred on December 21, 1994. By early 2001, many Popocatepetl glaciers had died out. Only small layers of ice remained, which the magma of the volcano did not reach. This significantly affected the climate in the region. Orizaba
